Post by andycoyle1 on Feb 8, 2007 14:32:57 GMT -5
1 Summary & Conclusion
2. Details of facts & events
3. Interpretation of genetic modifications
5th February 2007
Andrew Coyle
andy.coyle1@btinternet.com
1. SUMMARY and CONCLUSION
The genetic changes made to the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora have resulted in a nematode that is more resilient and able to survive under conditions that it would otherwise die from. The changes made are such that it can infect a wider range of hosts.
The bacteria, Photorhabdus Species, which these nematode produce, as part of their life cycle, are weapons, used by the nematode to kill its chosen target, the organism the nematode chooses to invade. The bacteria are also consumed by the nematodes offspring, thereby creating a perfect loop system of survival and propagation.
The bacteria Photorhabdus Species have in turn been enhanced and made more virulent as a result of the genetic changes made to the nematode. The bacteria, when released within another organism, is able to exchange DNA (Dyno-Nucleic-Acid) with bacteria present within the organism that has been invaded.
These bacteria are known to have exchanged DNA with plague virus (Yersinia pestis) bacteria that would have been present in invaded hosts (i.e. a thingyroach)
This exchange of DNA between the two bacteria is then taken up by the next generation of nematodes that are released within the invaded organism, as the new generation of nematodes consume the bacteria present as part of that stage of their existence and development.
Where there was a status quo, there is now a big unknown. In particular the dangers posed are COMPLEX AND MULTIPLE.
1) New nematode species able to infect humans and other life forms where before it could not due to natural barriers in its environment, evolution and physiology.
2) Nematode produced bacteria, has an enhanced ability to exchange DNA with other bacteria present, when introduced within the organism invaded by the nematode, thereby creating new bacteria types.
3) New bacterial species able to infect humans and other life forms where before it could not due to natural barriers in its environment, evolution and physiology.
4) New bacterial species which before were only present within the nematode, and dependent upon it and vivce vers, (symbiotic) or as an adjunct to it, now able to exist outside in soil, jump species etc. where before it could not due to natural barriers in its environment, evolution and physiology.
5) New dangers posed by biting, stinging organisms, spiders, wasps etc that now carry and transfer new bacterial species created by initial gene changes in nematode and subsequent changes by interaction and swapping of DNA with other bacteria.
6) New bacteria strains no-longer dependent upon nematode for survival. Able to exist in environment where they could not before exist outside of nematode, other than when released within invaded host. Heat shock proteins etc. introduced to nematode enhancing the survivability of nematode generations and subsequently bacteria too.
The nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and the bacteria it produces, Photorhabdus Species , lived within a closed loop existence, which could be represented rather simply.
Now their are so many more possibilities added to the mix. In effect man has set in motion a chain of events that will progress to have many strands, offshoots and effects. We will never know what the final outcome will be as what we have done is to kick-start a new type of evolution and species generation that could not have occured naturally.
This must be the perfect example of why mankind should never have tried to play God.
In the cases of the twelve recornnded infected people with Photorhabdus Species the report says that it could only have been a nematode or invertebrate that infected these people. I think that was based upon no genetic changes being made to the nematode. Their are altogether many more possibilities if you take into account the above.
I cannot, for the life of me, realise or see, how it was that the Dr Randy Gaugler, and his colleagues, could not see the danger in what they were doing. It was not a daffodill's colour genes they were changing. It was a predator organism and its homicidal passenger that they were enhancing and making more powerful.
Also they knew of the interaction and exchange of genes at the genetic level between the bacteria and its invaded victims bacteria, as exampled by the finding of exchanged DNA between Photorhabdus Species and the plague bacteria Yersinia. Therefore they new this bacteria could exchange DNA when released within invaded organisms. With the nematodes ability to invade a wider spectrrumof organisms, and humans, the bacteria have access to a wider range of bacteria to interact with, including bacteria specifically harmful to humans, salmonella, staphylloccocus etc.
Finally with that in mind they knew that the nematode offspring would uptake any bacteria present including the genetically altered bacteria which itself would have an effect upon the genes of the next generation of nematodes produced.
The paper "Nematode Symbiont for Photorhabdus asymbiotica" to be found at: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no10/06-0464.htm acually confirms that the one of twelve cases of human infection was confirmed as being caused by the Heterorhabditis nematode.
see:
Phylogenetic analysis of these data confirmed that the human- and nematode-derived isolates of Photorhabdus were the same strain (referred to as P. asymbiotica Kingscliff.
Photorhabdus asymbiotica has been shown to be a nematode symbiont; the specific epithet is a misnomer.
(Phylogenetic analysis = is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms.)
(misnomer = is a term which suggests an interpretation known not to be true.)
2. DETAILS OF FACTS & EVENTS
Dear Dr Ailsa Wight F.A.O. The UK Department of Health, Chief Medical Officer
To whom it may concern,
(and believe me it concerns ,us all)
I wish to officially request that an urgent investigation is immediately launched into what I believe could be
"the greatest single threat to human health since the discovery of AIDS".
In particular, the release of a "transgenic nematode" (genetically altered and enhanced nematode) ,and subsequent trillions of releases since 1996 into the environment, via a loophole in United States law.
See: www.isb.vt.edu/epasrc/enacted/epa.gui.txt (The Law)
See: www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/arthropod/permits/9605201r/9605201r.html (Evidence of its use)
From this I learned that:
The United States Environmental Protection Agency does not regulate insecticidal nematodes (Gorsuch, 1982), including genetically engineered strains (Andersen, personal communication).
Also backed up by an article by the same Dr Randy Gaugler which is to be found at:
see: www.gcsaa.org/gcm/1997/dec97/12nema.html
From this I read:
Regulatory constraints have hindered the development of some genetically engineered organisms. Insecticidal nematodes, however, possess a unique niche in the regulatory environment. In 1996, we readily obtained approval at federal, state and local levels to release our transgenic strain into turfgrass field plots at the Rutgers Upper Deerfield Experiment Station in Salem County, N.J. (4). Results from the study support the regulatory view that the transgenic nematode strain is an unlikely environmental threat.
The release of which has infected humans and led to the emergence of a new pathogen, Photorhabdus luminescens, both of which cause serious harm to health in humans. One only recently documented, the other as yet undisclosed, until now!
Before you read through this document, keep one statement (PUBLISHED UPON THE CDC'S, Centre for Disease Control website), in mind at all times, which is:
Dispatch
Photorhabdus Species: Bioluminescent Bacteria as Emerging Human Pathogens?
Genes encoding homologues of insecticidal toxins from Photorhabdus spp occur naturally within the genome of
Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague.
Lateral transfer of genetic material between Photorhabdus and Yersinia species is thought to have resulted from their common association with insects as bacterial pathogens.
It seems likely therefore that Photorhabdus spp are transmitted to humans by a terrestrial invertebrate (nematode or arthropod), but that vector (delivery method) has not yet been identified.
See at: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol9no2/02-0222.htm#1
The result of this gerry-mandering and jiggery-pokery at a genetic level, without the need for authorisation to do so, or the need for authorisation as to its' eventual release and use, has resulted in the release of a Nematode with super-powers, if you like "The Nematode Nemesis "
I have found evidence of twelve cases of infection by a bacteria associated with, and produced from within nematodes', Photorhabdus Species, this is the bacteria that is produced within the nematode and released within its host, feeding the nematode and causing the death of the host. In fact this evidence is further sensationalised, and the link between the bacteria and the transgenic nematodes' further qualified, by the fact that Photorhabdus Species bacteria is bio-luminescent, which is historically only seen in marine species.
The bio-luminescece trait is evidenced within my video , and still images of my own infection by the transgenic organism and its bacterial passenger!
In fact, the discovery of this bio-luminescent terrestrial bacteria is, I believe, directly due to the fact that the transgenic nematodes were enhanced with, the luminescence gene from jelly-fish (green fluorescent protein (GFP)) and in turn created the new bioluminescent bacterial species. This enhancement is in addition to other genetic enhancements made, which I shall attempt to explain later in this e-mail.
It seems obvious to me, since my recent discovery of a fillarial nematode type organism emerging from my head hair/scalp,
which I recorded and provided a link to at www.youtube.com/morgellons
and still images of its relatives at adobe.kodakgallery.co.uk/I.jsp?c=7uku5sml.6muqoa4l&x=1&y=-uez2um
that this transgenic nematode, and its dispersal in the environment, is the cause of the disease phenomenon known as Morgellons Disease, of which I am suffering from, and have had for seven-years approximately.
In fact this video evidence, coupled with over one-hundred still images I posted upon the Internet, and the fact that I made conjecture to the possibility of nematode involvement being the cause of the disease known as "morgellons'', in an email back in September 2006, are altogether overwhelming.
Coupled with the evidence of the twelve documented infections of an emerging new bacteriasl disease, which I make reference to, the facts of the transgenic nematodes' creation, its timeline of creation and its dispersal into the environment, the discovery of this bioluminescent bacteria and the timeline of the emergence of Morgellons Disease are, OVERWHELMING!! and deserves an immediate investigation to safeguard the future Public health.
This, I believe, is the smoking-gun, the metaphoric fingerprint. Evidence that when viewed together, identifies a new threat. I have made direct refferal, and use of, papers'submitted by the Scientist , and Authority on the subject of creating transgenic nematodes, and their dispersal, Dr Randy Gaugler.
See: www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/arthropod/permits/9605201r/9605201r.html
See: www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/pathogens/nematodes.html
See: www.cook.rutgers.edu/~turf/extension/articlesnematodes.pdf
I hope that this information is taken seriously and acted upon immediately. Although I am not, by nature prone to the belief of conspiracy theories. I am reminded of a quote from the author Michael Crichton:
"Bioengineered DNA was, weight for weight, the most valuable material in the world. A single microscopic bacterium, too small to see with the human eye, but containing the gene for a heart attack enzyme, streptokinase, or for "ice-minus" which prevented frost damage to crops, might be worth 5 billion dollars to the right buyer."
Michael Crichton - Jurassic Park
With that in mind See: www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/pathogens/nematodes.html
Which states:
Of the nearly thirty steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes identified to date, seven species are commercially available. One billion nematodes per acre (250,000 per m2) is the rule-of-thumb against most soil insects (containerised and greenhouse soils tend to be treated at higher rates).
The latter was reflected in recent statistics, indicating that farmers spend about US$20 billion worldwide, and US$ 6–8 billion annually in USA on crop protection (Anonymous1991).
These amounts of money involved are staggering, and as a result I cannot help but wonder at the vested interests there are out there, amongst the scientists, entomoligists, companies etc. that will wish to ensure the success of the commercialisation of transgenic nematodes. I know of over thirty companies in the US of A that specialise in the supply of these "Nematode Nemesis"!
Another genetic enhancement made makes use of Heat shock proteins that allow the nematode to survive conditions it otherwise unaltered would not, excess heat, toxins etc. My other concern about this is that the donor nematode was a much more widely dispersed nematode, C Elegans, which hails from a family of nematodes (Rhabditidae), that are harmful to humans, and known to affect human health.
The CDC (Centre for Disease Control), The Lancet, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, and NCBI (The National Center for Biotechnology Information)
all have articles about the twelve cases of infection by Photorhabdus species
See: Bio-luminescent Bacteria as Emerging Human Pathogens?
At the United States CDC'S website: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol9no2/02-0222.htm
or Journal of Clinical Microbiology website: jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/43/8/4152
or NCBI website: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
or The Lancet website: www.thelancet.com
In particular I would like to draw your attention to the statement made and published under the title:
See at: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol9no2/02-0222.htm#1
Photorhabdus Species: Bioluminescent Bacteria as Emerging Human Pathogens?
Photorhabdus spp. have been the subject of intensive study by agricultural scientists because of the role these bacteria play in controlling insects. Insects, like humans, are subject to infestation by nematodes. Photorhabdus spp. inhabit the gut of some insect-pathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis spp.), where they form a symbiotic relationship.
Nematode species of this type are able to invade the larvae of susceptible insects and release Photorhabdus spp. The bacteria proliferate and promote nematode reproduction by killing the insect larvae. Insect-pathogenic nematodes harboring Photorhabdus spp are used as biopesticides in a number of countries, including the United States and Australia. Agricultural scientists are also attempting to develop insect-resistant transgenic crops by using insecticidal toxin genes derived from Photorhabdus spp..
Photorhabdus spp. are not human commensals. The patients apparently acquired the pathogen from an unidentified source in the terrestrial environment. This hypothesis is supported by the observations that at least 4/6 of the Australian patients were engaged in outdoor activities around the time of acquisition and that the initial site of infection was on the lower limbs in more than half of Australian and American case-patients.
Photorhabdus spp. have never been shown to live freely in soil, although they will survive in soil under laboratory conditions. Photorhabdus spp. have only been isolated naturally from two nonclinical sources: insect-pathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis spp) and the insects they parasitize (beetles, moths, and the like). It seems likely therefore that Photorhabdus spp are transmitted to humans by a terrestrial invertebrate (nematode or arthropod), but that vector (delivery method) has not yet been identified.
(commensals = where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped, Latin com mensa, meaning sharing a table.)
Now balance that with the statement made by Dr Randy Gaugler in his paper of 1996 at: www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/arthropod/permits/9605201r/9605201r.html
Which states:
APHIS has categorized H. bacteriophora as among "low-risk organisms which have already been released in the U.S."
The genetic modifications we have made to H. bacteriophora should not impact this nematode's spectrum of insecticidal activity.
It is difficult to envision a worst-case scenario in which the donor organisms might conceivably cause plant damage or even stress. There is only one worst-case scenario in which the recipient, H. bacteriophora, might indirectly cause plant damage: by killing nontarget pollinators or insect predators and parasitoids that attack plant pests. Like most insecticidal nematodes, H. bacteriophora is reputed to possess a broad spectrum of insect activity, killing most insects in petri dish assays. This is an experimental or laboratory host range, however, not a natural host range. In nature, behavioral and ecological barriers come into play to greatly limit natural host range (Gaugler, 1988); thus, there are very few reports of field-collected insects being infected with H. bacteriophora, suggesting a restrictive host range in nature.
An examination of a worst-case scenario is worthwhile in assessing the potential plant health risk represented by the proposed field release of a transgenic insecticidal nematode. If: (1) infective juvenile nematodes escaped from the containment soil cylinders, and (2) these nematodes in fact possessed enhanced field persistence, and (3) were able to disperse long distances to new habitats where they might presently be constrained from colonization by episodes of sudden high temperature, and (4) the transgenic nematode was able to survive other environmental constraints of the new habitat (e.g., low soil moisture), and (5) this new habitat contains hosts the nematode was adapted to parasitize, and (6) the nematode(s) were able to locate, overcome the immune response, and reproduce in the host, and (7) the new hosts were beneficial insects that regulate the populations of important crop pests, then this series of unlikely events might lead to indirect crop damage. In short, there is a very low, insignificant probability that this series of events would actually occur.
Also, as if further support were needed as to the dangers posed by transgenic nematodes, read:
See: stri.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Nematoda
GMOs should not be released into the environment as there is not adequate scientific understanding of their impact on the environment and human health.
Overview
Nematodes are roundworms that have bilateral symmetry and lack a complex body plan. Roundworms have a simple nervous system, no digestive system or respiratory system, and possess only longitudinal muscles. They move by contracting these muscles, causing the worms to whip back and forth because they have nothing to brace these muscles against. Nematodes excrete wastes using specialized cells or canals, but do not contain flame cells, as the flatworms do. There are around 12,000 species of Nematodes that have been identified, although studies suggest that there could be up to about 500,000 species. Nematodes include both free-living and parasitic species, many of which can be harmful to humans. Nematoda includes common roundworms, which infect many humans worldwide, hookworms, trichina worms, which are responsible for trichinosis, pinworms, and filarial worms, which cause the devastating diseases elephantiasis and river blindness. The damage nematodes can cause in humans should not be underestimated, nor should their abundance in the world.
Then take the position of Greenpeace, who state that:
"GMOs (Genetically modified organisms) should not be released into the environment as there is not adequate scientific understanding of their impact on the environment and human health."
"The introduction of genetically engineered (GE) organisms into the complex ecosystems of our environment is a dangerous global experiment with nature and evolution."
"These human-made organisms can reproduce and interbreed with natural organisms, thereby spreading to new environments and future generations in an unpredictable and uncontrollable way."
I believe that the genetically altered transgenic nematode, and its' dispersal into the environment, is the cause of the phenomenon known as "Morgellons Disease", of which I myself have suffered from for seven-years.
In this e-mail I aim to substantiate my claim, and convince you to take immediate action!
Furthermore I draw your attention to the paper submitted by Dr. Randy Gaugler, this can be found at:
see: www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/arthropod/permits/9605201r/9605201r.html
From this I learned that: (repeated above at start of document)
The United States Environmental Protection Agency does not regulate insecticidal nematodes (Gorsuch, 1982), including genetically engineered strains (Andersen, personal communication).
Also backed up by an article by the same Dr Randy Gaugler which is to be found at:
see: www.gcsaa.org/gcm/1997/dec97/12nema.html
From this I read:
Regulatory constraints have hindered the development of some genetically engineered organisms. Insecticidal nematodes, however, possess a unique niche in the regulatory environment. In 1996, we readily obtained approval at federal, state and local levels to release our transgenic strain into turfgrass field plots at the Rutgers Upper Deerfield Experiment Station in Salem County, N.J. (4). Results from the study support the regulatory view that the transgenic nematode strain is an unlikely environmental threat.
In fact I discovered that the exemption he refers to is found in the document:
See: www.biotechknowledge.com/biotech/knowcenter.nsf/ID/29799E76BC3CB86086256AF600526505?OpenDocument&highlight=0,NEMATODES
In which it states:
It is now possible to transfer genes into plants that confer the ability to produce an entire virus that is pathogenic to a targeted insect pest of that plant (Service, 1996). Such plants obviously must be subject to careful study, evaluation, and formal or informal oversight, but as plants and not as pesticides. We would point out that microbial biocontrol agents delivered or vectored to a targeted insect pest or weed by a nematode or arthropod are currently exempt from regulation as microbial pesticides under FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act) on the basis that the nematode or arthropod released to deliver the microorganism is already subject to adequate oversight by the USDA (USDept of Agricuilture).
The Act
FEDERAL REGISTER
Vol. 51, No. 123
Thursday, June 26, 1986
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[OPTS-00049A]
Statement of Policy; Microbial Products Subject to the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and the Toxic
Substances Control Act
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
ACTION: Notice.
can be read at:
See: www.isb.vt.edu/epasrc/enacted/epa.gui.txt
I have found out from a past paper on US bio-technology;
See: www.icsu-scope.org/downloadpubs/scope44/chapter14.html
There is a clear policy established requiring review of genetically engineered microorganisms prior to release into the environment with some organisms subject to an abbreviated review. In the unlikely event of a problem arising in this period of time EPA (environment protection agency) could use its authority under section 7 of TSCA to immediately limit or prohibit the manufacture, processing, distribution, or use of the product. In addition to the EPA activity, USDA will review all genetically engineered plant pests and animal pathogens.
With this in mind maybe now would be a good time to invoke the use of such a power.
Finally I would like to remind you that this could be observed as a biological threat against mankind. With that in mind I wish to remind you of our obligations as a country under the "Biological Weapons Convention" I am sure that you will be aware that my notifying you of this conjecture regarding this emerging disease and genetically altered organism, places squarely upon us as a country the rensponsibility to investigate, and inform the signatories of the BWC treaty.
The creation and stockpiling of biological weapons ("offensive BW") was outlawed by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), signed by over 100 countries. The BWC remains in force.
I do hope that you took the time to read this document. This is a matter of international significance to world health.
Below is my attempt to decipher exactly what was done to create this transgenic nematode, and to explain the scientific terminology/shorthand/code used in the paper.
2. Details of facts & events
3. Interpretation of genetic modifications
5th February 2007
Andrew Coyle
andy.coyle1@btinternet.com
1. SUMMARY and CONCLUSION
The genetic changes made to the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora have resulted in a nematode that is more resilient and able to survive under conditions that it would otherwise die from. The changes made are such that it can infect a wider range of hosts.
The bacteria, Photorhabdus Species, which these nematode produce, as part of their life cycle, are weapons, used by the nematode to kill its chosen target, the organism the nematode chooses to invade. The bacteria are also consumed by the nematodes offspring, thereby creating a perfect loop system of survival and propagation.
The bacteria Photorhabdus Species have in turn been enhanced and made more virulent as a result of the genetic changes made to the nematode. The bacteria, when released within another organism, is able to exchange DNA (Dyno-Nucleic-Acid) with bacteria present within the organism that has been invaded.
These bacteria are known to have exchanged DNA with plague virus (Yersinia pestis) bacteria that would have been present in invaded hosts (i.e. a thingyroach)
This exchange of DNA between the two bacteria is then taken up by the next generation of nematodes that are released within the invaded organism, as the new generation of nematodes consume the bacteria present as part of that stage of their existence and development.
Where there was a status quo, there is now a big unknown. In particular the dangers posed are COMPLEX AND MULTIPLE.
1) New nematode species able to infect humans and other life forms where before it could not due to natural barriers in its environment, evolution and physiology.
2) Nematode produced bacteria, has an enhanced ability to exchange DNA with other bacteria present, when introduced within the organism invaded by the nematode, thereby creating new bacteria types.
3) New bacterial species able to infect humans and other life forms where before it could not due to natural barriers in its environment, evolution and physiology.
4) New bacterial species which before were only present within the nematode, and dependent upon it and vivce vers, (symbiotic) or as an adjunct to it, now able to exist outside in soil, jump species etc. where before it could not due to natural barriers in its environment, evolution and physiology.
5) New dangers posed by biting, stinging organisms, spiders, wasps etc that now carry and transfer new bacterial species created by initial gene changes in nematode and subsequent changes by interaction and swapping of DNA with other bacteria.
6) New bacteria strains no-longer dependent upon nematode for survival. Able to exist in environment where they could not before exist outside of nematode, other than when released within invaded host. Heat shock proteins etc. introduced to nematode enhancing the survivability of nematode generations and subsequently bacteria too.
The nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and the bacteria it produces, Photorhabdus Species , lived within a closed loop existence, which could be represented rather simply.
Now their are so many more possibilities added to the mix. In effect man has set in motion a chain of events that will progress to have many strands, offshoots and effects. We will never know what the final outcome will be as what we have done is to kick-start a new type of evolution and species generation that could not have occured naturally.
This must be the perfect example of why mankind should never have tried to play God.
In the cases of the twelve recornnded infected people with Photorhabdus Species the report says that it could only have been a nematode or invertebrate that infected these people. I think that was based upon no genetic changes being made to the nematode. Their are altogether many more possibilities if you take into account the above.
I cannot, for the life of me, realise or see, how it was that the Dr Randy Gaugler, and his colleagues, could not see the danger in what they were doing. It was not a daffodill's colour genes they were changing. It was a predator organism and its homicidal passenger that they were enhancing and making more powerful.
Also they knew of the interaction and exchange of genes at the genetic level between the bacteria and its invaded victims bacteria, as exampled by the finding of exchanged DNA between Photorhabdus Species and the plague bacteria Yersinia. Therefore they new this bacteria could exchange DNA when released within invaded organisms. With the nematodes ability to invade a wider spectrrumof organisms, and humans, the bacteria have access to a wider range of bacteria to interact with, including bacteria specifically harmful to humans, salmonella, staphylloccocus etc.
Finally with that in mind they knew that the nematode offspring would uptake any bacteria present including the genetically altered bacteria which itself would have an effect upon the genes of the next generation of nematodes produced.
The paper "Nematode Symbiont for Photorhabdus asymbiotica" to be found at: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no10/06-0464.htm acually confirms that the one of twelve cases of human infection was confirmed as being caused by the Heterorhabditis nematode.
see:
Phylogenetic analysis of these data confirmed that the human- and nematode-derived isolates of Photorhabdus were the same strain (referred to as P. asymbiotica Kingscliff.
Photorhabdus asymbiotica has been shown to be a nematode symbiont; the specific epithet is a misnomer.
(Phylogenetic analysis = is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms.)
(misnomer = is a term which suggests an interpretation known not to be true.)
2. DETAILS OF FACTS & EVENTS
Dear Dr Ailsa Wight F.A.O. The UK Department of Health, Chief Medical Officer
To whom it may concern,
(and believe me it concerns ,us all)
I wish to officially request that an urgent investigation is immediately launched into what I believe could be
"the greatest single threat to human health since the discovery of AIDS".
In particular, the release of a "transgenic nematode" (genetically altered and enhanced nematode) ,and subsequent trillions of releases since 1996 into the environment, via a loophole in United States law.
See: www.isb.vt.edu/epasrc/enacted/epa.gui.txt (The Law)
See: www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/arthropod/permits/9605201r/9605201r.html (Evidence of its use)
From this I learned that:
The United States Environmental Protection Agency does not regulate insecticidal nematodes (Gorsuch, 1982), including genetically engineered strains (Andersen, personal communication).
Also backed up by an article by the same Dr Randy Gaugler which is to be found at:
see: www.gcsaa.org/gcm/1997/dec97/12nema.html
From this I read:
Regulatory constraints have hindered the development of some genetically engineered organisms. Insecticidal nematodes, however, possess a unique niche in the regulatory environment. In 1996, we readily obtained approval at federal, state and local levels to release our transgenic strain into turfgrass field plots at the Rutgers Upper Deerfield Experiment Station in Salem County, N.J. (4). Results from the study support the regulatory view that the transgenic nematode strain is an unlikely environmental threat.
The release of which has infected humans and led to the emergence of a new pathogen, Photorhabdus luminescens, both of which cause serious harm to health in humans. One only recently documented, the other as yet undisclosed, until now!
Before you read through this document, keep one statement (PUBLISHED UPON THE CDC'S, Centre for Disease Control website), in mind at all times, which is:
Dispatch
Photorhabdus Species: Bioluminescent Bacteria as Emerging Human Pathogens?
Genes encoding homologues of insecticidal toxins from Photorhabdus spp occur naturally within the genome of
Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague.
Lateral transfer of genetic material between Photorhabdus and Yersinia species is thought to have resulted from their common association with insects as bacterial pathogens.
It seems likely therefore that Photorhabdus spp are transmitted to humans by a terrestrial invertebrate (nematode or arthropod), but that vector (delivery method) has not yet been identified.
See at: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol9no2/02-0222.htm#1
The result of this gerry-mandering and jiggery-pokery at a genetic level, without the need for authorisation to do so, or the need for authorisation as to its' eventual release and use, has resulted in the release of a Nematode with super-powers, if you like "The Nematode Nemesis "
I have found evidence of twelve cases of infection by a bacteria associated with, and produced from within nematodes', Photorhabdus Species, this is the bacteria that is produced within the nematode and released within its host, feeding the nematode and causing the death of the host. In fact this evidence is further sensationalised, and the link between the bacteria and the transgenic nematodes' further qualified, by the fact that Photorhabdus Species bacteria is bio-luminescent, which is historically only seen in marine species.
The bio-luminescece trait is evidenced within my video , and still images of my own infection by the transgenic organism and its bacterial passenger!
In fact, the discovery of this bio-luminescent terrestrial bacteria is, I believe, directly due to the fact that the transgenic nematodes were enhanced with, the luminescence gene from jelly-fish (green fluorescent protein (GFP)) and in turn created the new bioluminescent bacterial species. This enhancement is in addition to other genetic enhancements made, which I shall attempt to explain later in this e-mail.
It seems obvious to me, since my recent discovery of a fillarial nematode type organism emerging from my head hair/scalp,
which I recorded and provided a link to at www.youtube.com/morgellons
and still images of its relatives at adobe.kodakgallery.co.uk/I.jsp?c=7uku5sml.6muqoa4l&x=1&y=-uez2um
that this transgenic nematode, and its dispersal in the environment, is the cause of the disease phenomenon known as Morgellons Disease, of which I am suffering from, and have had for seven-years approximately.
In fact this video evidence, coupled with over one-hundred still images I posted upon the Internet, and the fact that I made conjecture to the possibility of nematode involvement being the cause of the disease known as "morgellons'', in an email back in September 2006, are altogether overwhelming.
Coupled with the evidence of the twelve documented infections of an emerging new bacteriasl disease, which I make reference to, the facts of the transgenic nematodes' creation, its timeline of creation and its dispersal into the environment, the discovery of this bioluminescent bacteria and the timeline of the emergence of Morgellons Disease are, OVERWHELMING!! and deserves an immediate investigation to safeguard the future Public health.
This, I believe, is the smoking-gun, the metaphoric fingerprint. Evidence that when viewed together, identifies a new threat. I have made direct refferal, and use of, papers'submitted by the Scientist , and Authority on the subject of creating transgenic nematodes, and their dispersal, Dr Randy Gaugler.
See: www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/arthropod/permits/9605201r/9605201r.html
See: www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/pathogens/nematodes.html
See: www.cook.rutgers.edu/~turf/extension/articlesnematodes.pdf
I hope that this information is taken seriously and acted upon immediately. Although I am not, by nature prone to the belief of conspiracy theories. I am reminded of a quote from the author Michael Crichton:
"Bioengineered DNA was, weight for weight, the most valuable material in the world. A single microscopic bacterium, too small to see with the human eye, but containing the gene for a heart attack enzyme, streptokinase, or for "ice-minus" which prevented frost damage to crops, might be worth 5 billion dollars to the right buyer."
Michael Crichton - Jurassic Park
With that in mind See: www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/pathogens/nematodes.html
Which states:
Of the nearly thirty steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes identified to date, seven species are commercially available. One billion nematodes per acre (250,000 per m2) is the rule-of-thumb against most soil insects (containerised and greenhouse soils tend to be treated at higher rates).
The latter was reflected in recent statistics, indicating that farmers spend about US$20 billion worldwide, and US$ 6–8 billion annually in USA on crop protection (Anonymous1991).
These amounts of money involved are staggering, and as a result I cannot help but wonder at the vested interests there are out there, amongst the scientists, entomoligists, companies etc. that will wish to ensure the success of the commercialisation of transgenic nematodes. I know of over thirty companies in the US of A that specialise in the supply of these "Nematode Nemesis"!
Another genetic enhancement made makes use of Heat shock proteins that allow the nematode to survive conditions it otherwise unaltered would not, excess heat, toxins etc. My other concern about this is that the donor nematode was a much more widely dispersed nematode, C Elegans, which hails from a family of nematodes (Rhabditidae), that are harmful to humans, and known to affect human health.
The CDC (Centre for Disease Control), The Lancet, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, and NCBI (The National Center for Biotechnology Information)
all have articles about the twelve cases of infection by Photorhabdus species
See: Bio-luminescent Bacteria as Emerging Human Pathogens?
At the United States CDC'S website: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol9no2/02-0222.htm
or Journal of Clinical Microbiology website: jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/43/8/4152
or NCBI website: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
or The Lancet website: www.thelancet.com
In particular I would like to draw your attention to the statement made and published under the title:
See at: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol9no2/02-0222.htm#1
Photorhabdus Species: Bioluminescent Bacteria as Emerging Human Pathogens?
Photorhabdus spp. have been the subject of intensive study by agricultural scientists because of the role these bacteria play in controlling insects. Insects, like humans, are subject to infestation by nematodes. Photorhabdus spp. inhabit the gut of some insect-pathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis spp.), where they form a symbiotic relationship.
Nematode species of this type are able to invade the larvae of susceptible insects and release Photorhabdus spp. The bacteria proliferate and promote nematode reproduction by killing the insect larvae. Insect-pathogenic nematodes harboring Photorhabdus spp are used as biopesticides in a number of countries, including the United States and Australia. Agricultural scientists are also attempting to develop insect-resistant transgenic crops by using insecticidal toxin genes derived from Photorhabdus spp..
Photorhabdus spp. are not human commensals. The patients apparently acquired the pathogen from an unidentified source in the terrestrial environment. This hypothesis is supported by the observations that at least 4/6 of the Australian patients were engaged in outdoor activities around the time of acquisition and that the initial site of infection was on the lower limbs in more than half of Australian and American case-patients.
Photorhabdus spp. have never been shown to live freely in soil, although they will survive in soil under laboratory conditions. Photorhabdus spp. have only been isolated naturally from two nonclinical sources: insect-pathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis spp) and the insects they parasitize (beetles, moths, and the like). It seems likely therefore that Photorhabdus spp are transmitted to humans by a terrestrial invertebrate (nematode or arthropod), but that vector (delivery method) has not yet been identified.
(commensals = where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped, Latin com mensa, meaning sharing a table.)
Now balance that with the statement made by Dr Randy Gaugler in his paper of 1996 at: www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/arthropod/permits/9605201r/9605201r.html
Which states:
APHIS has categorized H. bacteriophora as among "low-risk organisms which have already been released in the U.S."
The genetic modifications we have made to H. bacteriophora should not impact this nematode's spectrum of insecticidal activity.
It is difficult to envision a worst-case scenario in which the donor organisms might conceivably cause plant damage or even stress. There is only one worst-case scenario in which the recipient, H. bacteriophora, might indirectly cause plant damage: by killing nontarget pollinators or insect predators and parasitoids that attack plant pests. Like most insecticidal nematodes, H. bacteriophora is reputed to possess a broad spectrum of insect activity, killing most insects in petri dish assays. This is an experimental or laboratory host range, however, not a natural host range. In nature, behavioral and ecological barriers come into play to greatly limit natural host range (Gaugler, 1988); thus, there are very few reports of field-collected insects being infected with H. bacteriophora, suggesting a restrictive host range in nature.
An examination of a worst-case scenario is worthwhile in assessing the potential plant health risk represented by the proposed field release of a transgenic insecticidal nematode. If: (1) infective juvenile nematodes escaped from the containment soil cylinders, and (2) these nematodes in fact possessed enhanced field persistence, and (3) were able to disperse long distances to new habitats where they might presently be constrained from colonization by episodes of sudden high temperature, and (4) the transgenic nematode was able to survive other environmental constraints of the new habitat (e.g., low soil moisture), and (5) this new habitat contains hosts the nematode was adapted to parasitize, and (6) the nematode(s) were able to locate, overcome the immune response, and reproduce in the host, and (7) the new hosts were beneficial insects that regulate the populations of important crop pests, then this series of unlikely events might lead to indirect crop damage. In short, there is a very low, insignificant probability that this series of events would actually occur.
Also, as if further support were needed as to the dangers posed by transgenic nematodes, read:
See: stri.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Nematoda
GMOs should not be released into the environment as there is not adequate scientific understanding of their impact on the environment and human health.
Overview
Nematodes are roundworms that have bilateral symmetry and lack a complex body plan. Roundworms have a simple nervous system, no digestive system or respiratory system, and possess only longitudinal muscles. They move by contracting these muscles, causing the worms to whip back and forth because they have nothing to brace these muscles against. Nematodes excrete wastes using specialized cells or canals, but do not contain flame cells, as the flatworms do. There are around 12,000 species of Nematodes that have been identified, although studies suggest that there could be up to about 500,000 species. Nematodes include both free-living and parasitic species, many of which can be harmful to humans. Nematoda includes common roundworms, which infect many humans worldwide, hookworms, trichina worms, which are responsible for trichinosis, pinworms, and filarial worms, which cause the devastating diseases elephantiasis and river blindness. The damage nematodes can cause in humans should not be underestimated, nor should their abundance in the world.
Then take the position of Greenpeace, who state that:
"GMOs (Genetically modified organisms) should not be released into the environment as there is not adequate scientific understanding of their impact on the environment and human health."
"The introduction of genetically engineered (GE) organisms into the complex ecosystems of our environment is a dangerous global experiment with nature and evolution."
"These human-made organisms can reproduce and interbreed with natural organisms, thereby spreading to new environments and future generations in an unpredictable and uncontrollable way."
I believe that the genetically altered transgenic nematode, and its' dispersal into the environment, is the cause of the phenomenon known as "Morgellons Disease", of which I myself have suffered from for seven-years.
In this e-mail I aim to substantiate my claim, and convince you to take immediate action!
Furthermore I draw your attention to the paper submitted by Dr. Randy Gaugler, this can be found at:
see: www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/arthropod/permits/9605201r/9605201r.html
From this I learned that: (repeated above at start of document)
The United States Environmental Protection Agency does not regulate insecticidal nematodes (Gorsuch, 1982), including genetically engineered strains (Andersen, personal communication).
Also backed up by an article by the same Dr Randy Gaugler which is to be found at:
see: www.gcsaa.org/gcm/1997/dec97/12nema.html
From this I read:
Regulatory constraints have hindered the development of some genetically engineered organisms. Insecticidal nematodes, however, possess a unique niche in the regulatory environment. In 1996, we readily obtained approval at federal, state and local levels to release our transgenic strain into turfgrass field plots at the Rutgers Upper Deerfield Experiment Station in Salem County, N.J. (4). Results from the study support the regulatory view that the transgenic nematode strain is an unlikely environmental threat.
In fact I discovered that the exemption he refers to is found in the document:
See: www.biotechknowledge.com/biotech/knowcenter.nsf/ID/29799E76BC3CB86086256AF600526505?OpenDocument&highlight=0,NEMATODES
In which it states:
It is now possible to transfer genes into plants that confer the ability to produce an entire virus that is pathogenic to a targeted insect pest of that plant (Service, 1996). Such plants obviously must be subject to careful study, evaluation, and formal or informal oversight, but as plants and not as pesticides. We would point out that microbial biocontrol agents delivered or vectored to a targeted insect pest or weed by a nematode or arthropod are currently exempt from regulation as microbial pesticides under FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act) on the basis that the nematode or arthropod released to deliver the microorganism is already subject to adequate oversight by the USDA (USDept of Agricuilture).
The Act
FEDERAL REGISTER
Vol. 51, No. 123
Thursday, June 26, 1986
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[OPTS-00049A]
Statement of Policy; Microbial Products Subject to the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and the Toxic
Substances Control Act
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
ACTION: Notice.
can be read at:
See: www.isb.vt.edu/epasrc/enacted/epa.gui.txt
I have found out from a past paper on US bio-technology;
See: www.icsu-scope.org/downloadpubs/scope44/chapter14.html
There is a clear policy established requiring review of genetically engineered microorganisms prior to release into the environment with some organisms subject to an abbreviated review. In the unlikely event of a problem arising in this period of time EPA (environment protection agency) could use its authority under section 7 of TSCA to immediately limit or prohibit the manufacture, processing, distribution, or use of the product. In addition to the EPA activity, USDA will review all genetically engineered plant pests and animal pathogens.
With this in mind maybe now would be a good time to invoke the use of such a power.
Finally I would like to remind you that this could be observed as a biological threat against mankind. With that in mind I wish to remind you of our obligations as a country under the "Biological Weapons Convention" I am sure that you will be aware that my notifying you of this conjecture regarding this emerging disease and genetically altered organism, places squarely upon us as a country the rensponsibility to investigate, and inform the signatories of the BWC treaty.
The creation and stockpiling of biological weapons ("offensive BW") was outlawed by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), signed by over 100 countries. The BWC remains in force.
I do hope that you took the time to read this document. This is a matter of international significance to world health.
Below is my attempt to decipher exactly what was done to create this transgenic nematode, and to explain the scientific terminology/shorthand/code used in the paper.