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Post by skytroll on Jan 1, 2008 1:41:44 GMT -5
What begins the construction of a nano organism?
What are the ingredients?
What makes it spark life and begin the building process?
What is the intitial formation that starts the nano (lego) process?
Where does it come from?
Why would it self assemble?
These questions haunt me, and I guess I will have to check this out.
First off......
This has been determined to be the building block in this article.
This would be the "Bottom up" approach:"Directed Three-Dimensional Patterning of Self-Assembled Peptide Fibrils. Dinca V, Kasotakis E, Catherine J, Mourka A, Ranella A, Ovsianikov A, Chichkov BN, Farsari M, Mitraki A, Fotakis C. Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), P.O. Box 527, Vassilika Vouton, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics (NILPRP), Romania, Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Greece, Department of Physics, University of Crete, Greece, and Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hollerithallee 8, D-30419 Hannover, Germany. Molecular self-assembly is emerging as a viable "bottom-up" approach for fabricating nanostructures. Self-assembled biomolecular structures are particularly attractive, due to their versatile chemistry, molecular recognition properties, and biocompatibility. Among them, amyloid protein and peptide fibrils are self-assembled nanostructures with unique physical and chemical stability, formed from quite simple building blocks; their ability to work as a template for the fabrication of low resistance, conducting nanowires has already been demonstrated. The precise positioning of peptide-based nanostructures is an essential part of their use in technological applications, and their controlled assembly, positioning, and integration into microsystems is a problem of considerable current interest. To date, their positioning has been limited to their placement on flat surfaces or to the fabrication of peptide arrays. Here, we propose a new method for the precise, three-dimensional patterning of amyloid fibrils. The technique, which combines femtosecond laser technology and biotin-avidin mediated assembly on a polymeric matrix, can be applied in a wide variety of fields, from molecular electronics to tissue engineering. PMID: 18154365 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]" Links from this group, just released to the web: pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/index.htmlmost recent......
Some might look familiar:
Amyloid proteins and peptide fibrils:"Received October 29, 2007 Revised December 6, 2007 Abstract: Molecular self-assembly is emerging as a viable "bottom-up" approach for fabricating nanostructures. Self-assembled biomolecular structures are particularly attractive, due to their versatile chemistry, molecular recognition properties, and biocompatibility. Among them, amyloid protein and peptide fibrils are self-assembled nanostructures with unique physical and chemical stability, formed from quite simple building blocks; their ability to work as a template for the fabrication of low resistance, conducting nanowires has already been demonstrated. The precise positioning of peptide-based nanostructures is an essential part of their use in technological applications, and their controlled assembly, positioning, and integration into microsystems is a problem of considerable current interest. To date, their positioning has been limited to their placement on flat surfaces or to the fabrication of peptide arrays. Here, we propose a new method for the precise, three-dimensional patterning of amyloid fibrils. The technique, which combines femtosecond laser technology and biotin-avidin mediated assembly on a polymeric matrix, can be applied in a wide variety of fields, from molecular electronics to tissue engineering. " pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/nalefd/asap/abs/nl072798r.htmlSkytroll
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Post by skytroll on Jan 1, 2008 2:35:05 GMT -5
Amyloid proteins: Peptide fibrils: A look at Alzheimers and other diseases and amyloid formation. Mention of Pentapeptide. "We discovered pentapeptide, which forms the amyloid fibers." The benefit of this discovery, Gazit goes on to illustrate, is that by understanding the very basic processes that lead to the formation of amyloid fibers, "you come to a system that is easy to manipulate. Instead of dealing with large proteins we have a simpler element to study and can change it in a delicate way. One of the unique things about our work is that we know intimately how these processes occur." To illustrate the scale of the elements that he deals with, Gazit gives an example, "If you have a sphere of about seven nanometers, the ratio between this sphere and a soccer ball is like the ratio between the soccer ball and earth." Gazit points out that the process which leads to Alzheimer's disease - a toxic formation of proteins - is the same process that is responsible for other degenerative diseases, such as diabetes and Parkinson's disease. "The mechanism of Type II diabetes and Alzheimer's disease seem completely different, but on nanoscopic scale, there's a formation of fibers in both cases," he said. The type of disease depends on the area of the body where the amyloid fibers are formed - if the fibers develop in the pancreas, the consequential disease is diabetes. If they develop in the areas of the brain that control motor functions, the result is Parkinson's disease. Consequently, Gazit is working on applying his research to the treatment of diabetes and Parkinson's. "............ from this story: Israeli scientist targets the building blocks of Alzheimer's www.israel21c.org/bin/en.jsp?enDispWho=Articles%5El1813&enPage=BlankPage&enDisplay=view&enDispWhat=object&enVersion=0&enZone=Health click here: tinyurl.com/2roozuSo if pentapeptide causes the fibers to form, what will form the building blocks of the nano devices? and why would you want to form amyloid fibrils that cause Disease? Sort of explains its motive, wouldn't you say? Peptide: Definition of Peptide Peptide: A molecule consisting of 2 or more amino acids. Peptides are smaller than proteins, which are also chains of amino acids. Molecules small enough to be synthesized from the constituent amino acids are, by convention, called peptides rather than proteins. The dividing line is at about 50 amino acids. Depending on the number of amino acids, peptides are called dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, and so on. www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24643Pentapeptide: Definition of Pentapeptide Pentapeptide: A peptide consisting of five amino acids. www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=39558So smaller than a protein, a collection of amino acids. Now, a pentapeptide in E1A adenovirus, so is the virus the building block? ......."Pentapeptide nuclear localization signal in adenovirus E1a. R H Lyons, B Q Ferguson and M Rosenberg ABSTRACT The adenovirus E1a gene products are nuclear proteins important in transcriptional control of viral functions during infection. By producing normal E1a proteins and derivatives of E1a in bacteria and microinjecting these proteins into cultured cells, we were able to examine their ability to localize to the nucleus. We showed that a short peptide sequence at the carboxyl terminus of E1a is necessary for the rapid (30-min) nuclear localization of that protein. Additionally, we showed that just the last five amino acids of E1a are sufficient to direct nuclear accumulation of a heterologous protein, Escherichia coli galactokinase, with the same kinetics as native E1a. The mechanism by which this pentamer mediates rapid nuclear localization was examined by testing the ability of a galactokinase derivative which has no signal pentamer to exit the nucleus, as well as to enter it. Because neither free entry nor exit was detected, the effect of the signal is unlikely to be through increased nuclear retention of freely diffusible proteins but rather by enhancement of entry into the nucleus." mcb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/7/7/2451Now, the connection between COOH terminal, the 293 infections and the Hela Cell infections resulting from this pentapeptide? These same constructions the COOH terminal disruptions, these 5 amino acids........are they found in the the nano constructions? Then nanos would be creating Alzheimers, and other diseases, wouldn't they? If fibrils can form in pancreas, the brain, and most likely cutaneously, then the five amino acids and link to the Virus that breaks open our DNA would be the cause, not too hard to figure out is it? Just add some electrical current? that would probably link in the top down approach. So these 5 amino acid sequence would do it? "Regular Article Structural Limitations of the Ad5 E1A 12S Nuclear Localization Signal JANET L. DOUGLAS 1 and MARGARET P. QUINLAN 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163 Received 14 February 1996; accepted 12 April 1996. ; Available online 19 April 2002. Abstract The Ad5 E1A 12S gene encodes an oncoprotein with the ability to immortalize and cooperate with other viral or cellular oncoproteins to transform primary epithelial cells. The immortalizing function is dependent on the protein's efficient localization to the nucleus. A five amino acid nuclear localization signal (NLS), Lys-Arg-Pro-Arg-Pro, has been identified at the extreme COOH-terminus. This signal is necessary but not sufficient for efficient nuclear localization. A mutational analysis has been undertaken to further characterize the 12S NLS. The individual amino acids of the signal appear to have varying functional relevance. The lysine residue (a.a. 239) and the first arginine residue (a.a. 240) are the most critical. Changing the second arginine (a.a. 242) to threonine or either proline (a.a. 241 or 243) to alanine marginally diminishes signal function. Replacing the 12S NLS with the SV40 large T antigen (LT) NLS does not measurably affect the protein's nuclear localization. Sequences directly upstream of the NLS have a significant role in the proper localization of the 12S protein as illustrated by inefficiently localized mutants that have deletions of these sequences. Analyses of these mutants using a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the COOH-terminal four amino acids of the NLS have revealed that their signals are probably masked. To further investigate the importance of protein context in signal function, several NLS insertion mutants were constructed. Two regions in the first exon with predicted high surface probabilities and no known functions were chosen as sites for NLS insertions. Neither a wild-type 12S- nor a SV40 LT-NLS was functional in any of the new locations, indicating that for 12S, positioning of the NLS in the protein is critical. 1 Present address: Department of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105. 2 To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Fax: (901) 448-8462. E-mail: mpquinlan@utmem1.utmem.edu. Virology Volume 220, Issue 2, 15 June 1996, Pages 339-349 LYS - ARG -PRO- ARG-PRO NLS is the nuclear localization signal. skytroll
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Post by skytroll on Jan 1, 2008 2:46:20 GMT -5
Now back to the nano bud and its playmates: Oh but, wait check this out: "Dermal Display animation by ©Gina Miller - In his book Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities [available on the web at www.nanomedicine.com/NMI.htm ], Robert A. Freitas Jr. describes [in section 7.4.6.7 (page 204)] a "programmable dermal display" in which a population of about 3 billion display pixel robots would be permanently implanted a fraction of a mm under the surface of the skin, covering a rectangle 6 cm x 5 cm on the back of the hand. Photons emitted by these pixel bots would produce an image on the surface of the skin. This pixelbot array could be programmed to form any of many thousands of displays. Each display would be capable of two functions: (1) presenting to the user data received from the large population of medical bots that roam the user's body; (2) conveying instructions from the user to that same large population of bots. The display could be activated or deactivated by finger tapping on the skin. This 3-minute animation illustrates the motions and live interaction of these display screens. I began this project in March and it has been both the most challenging and the most educational of the animations that I have done so far. Since the functions illustrated on the display represent actual data that could be obtained in real time from a human body equipped with the dermal display screen each moment of this animation had specific guidelines for timing and movement directed to me from the author. I am very grateful to have had this experience in which I have learned so much and I hope that this animation helps to visualize what Robert A. Freitas Jr. theorizes in his wonderful books on the subject. To see the movie click here (.mov 8.61Mb opens using Quicktime). Alternately you click here to view the movie (.wmv 10.14Mb opens using Windows Media Player). Watch Dermal Display animation narrated by the author Robert A. Freitas Jr. while giving a presentation at the 6th Alcor conference (added 9/1/07) " www.nanogirl.com/museumfuture/dermaldisplay.htmSkytroll
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Post by skytroll on Jan 1, 2008 3:01:30 GMT -5
Now look at this picture: patapsco.nist.gov/ImageGallery/retrieve.cfm?imageid=319&dpi=150&fileformat=jpgand then this: Study: Cells Selectively Absorb Short Nanotubes Nanotube length threshold image Nanotube length threshold: NIST experiments using human lung cells demonstrate that DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes longer than about 200 nanometers are excluded from cells, while shorter lengths are able to penetrate the cell interior (dark lines in the fluorescence image above). Credit: NIST View hi-resolution image DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) shorter than about 200 nanometers readily enter into human lung cells and so may pose an increased risk to health, according to scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The results of their laboratory studies appear in an upcoming issue of Advanced Materials.* Eyed for uses ranging from electronic displays to fuel cells to water filtration, SWCNTs are tiny cylinders—essentially single-sheet rolls of carbon atoms. They are many times stronger than steel and possess superlative thermal, optical and electronic properties, but safety and biocompatibility remain an open question. “Published data citing in vitro (outside the body) toxicity are particularly inconsistent and widely disputed,” writes biomaterials scientist Matthew Becker and his NIST colleagues. Public concerns surrounding the environmental, health and safety impacts of SWCNTs could derail efforts to fast track the development of nanotubes for advanced technology applications. A significant hurdle in outlining the parameters contributing to nanotube toxicity is to prepare well-defined and characterized nanotube samples, as they typically contain a distribution of lengths, diameters, twists and impurities. The team chose to isolate the effects of nanotube length. They first adsorbed short DNA molecules onto the nanotubes because this renders them soluble in water and allows them to be sorted and separated by length. The researchers then exposed human lung fibroblasts to solutions containing unsorted nanotubes. Regardless of the concentration levels, the cells did not absorb between about one-fourth and one-third of the SWCNTs in the solutions. Further examination of the results revealed that only short nanotubes made it into the cellular interior. In the next phase of the research, the team exposed the cells to sorted nanotubes of controlled length. They found that tubes longer than about 200 nanometers were excluded from the cells and remained in solution. Cells exposed to the longer nanotube solutions did not undergo a decrease in metabolic activity, but cells exposed to nanotubes below that threshold absorbed them and, depending on the concentration level, died or showed other signs of toxicity. “Our results demonstrate that cellular uptake in these lung cells depends significantly on the length of the nanotubes,” Becker explains. “This is the first of many steps in the critical goal of reducing health risk by de novo engineering of the nanotubes themselves.” *M.L. Becker, J.A. f*gan, N.D. Gallant, B.J. Bauer, V. Bajpai, E.K. Hobbie, S.H. Lacerda, K. B. Migler and J.P. Jakupciak. Length-dependent uptake of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes. Advanced Materials, published on-line : 20 March 2007." www.nist.gov/public_affairs/techbeat/tb2007_0330.htm#nanotubes"DNA-wrapped Carbon Nanotubes Serve As Sensors In Living Cells ScienceDaily (Jan. 27, 2006) — Single-walled carbon nanotubes wrapped with DNA can be placed inside living cells and detect trace amounts of harmful contaminants using near infrared light, report researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Their discovery opens the door to new types of optical sensors and biomarkers that exploit the unique properties of nanoparticles in living systems. See also: Plants & Animals * Biochemistry Research * Biotechnology * Biology Matter & Energy * Nanotechnology * Organic Chemistry * Detectors Reference * Carbon nanotube * Nanowire * Fullerene * Nanomedicine "This is the first nanotube-based sensor that can detect analytes at the subcellular level," said Michael Strano, a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at Illinois and corresponding author of a paper to appear in the Jan. 27 issue of the journal Science. "We also show for the first time that a subtle rearrangement of an adsorbed biomolecule can be directly detected by a carbon nanotube." At the heart of the new detection system is the transition of DNA secondary structure from the native, right-handed "B" form to the alternate, left-handed "Z" form. "We found that the thermodynamics that drive the switching back and forth between these two forms of DNA structure would modulate the electronic structure and optical emission of the carbon nanotube," said Strano, who is also a researcher at the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and at the university's Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory. To make their sensors, the researchers begin by wrapping a piece of double-stranded DNA around the surface of a single-walled carbon nanotube, in much the same fashion as a telephone cord wraps around a pencil. The DNA starts out wrapping around the nanotube with a certain shape that is defined by the negative charges along its backbone. When the DNA is exposed to ions of certain atoms -- such as calcium, mercury and sodium -- the negative charges become neutralized and the DNA changes shape in a similar manner to its natural shape-shift from the B form to Z form. This reduces the surface area covered by the DNA, perturbing the electronic structure and shifting the nanotube's natural, near infrared fluorescence to a lower energy. "The change in emission energy indicates how many ions bind to the DNA," said graduate student Daniel Heller, lead author of the Science paper. "Removing the ions will return the emission energy to its initial value and flip the DNA back to the starting form, making the process reversible and reusable." The researchers demonstrated the viability of their measurement technique by detecting low concentrations of mercury ions in whole blood, opaque solutions, and living mammalian cells and tissues -- examples where optical sensing is usually poor or ineffective. Because the signal is in the near infrared, a property unique to only a handful of materials, it is not obscured by the natural fluorescence of polymers and living tissues. "The nanotube surface acts as the sensor by detecting the shape change of the DNA as it responds to the presence of target ions," Heller said. " www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060126195041.htmNow, are we still talking the same DNA from the adenovirus? DNA mentioned above? Guess it would be interesting to find out! Skytroll
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Post by skytroll on Jan 1, 2008 3:43:42 GMT -5
top down with biosensors is the CNT PolyG DNA, however what is in common is the COOH terminal.
Carboxy connection.
more on that later.
Skytroll
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Post by skytroll on Jan 2, 2008 3:11:44 GMT -5
Well, back to amyloid fibrils and peptides. So the building blocks of so called natural would be fibrils and peptides and/or enzymes. Where do amyloid fibrils come from? If redox is used to find evolution, then dedox will be used to find how they came about the building blocks. ANYONE OUT THERE! HELLOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO! oh oh......KIDNEY STONES related to amyloid? Well now, finally admitting it. So, that is what kidney stones could be caused from? welllmmmmmmmmmm...... And what was the origin? "Abstract Lysine-specific cleavage of beta2-microglobulin in amyloid deposits associated with hemodialysis. Amyloid fibrils isolated from bone and carpal synovia of seven patients on long-term hemodialysis were further characterized biochemically. In addition, renal amyloid stones of three dialyzed patients were examined. All deposits and stones were of beta2-microglobulin-origin (AB-amyloid) by immunohistochemical and immunochemical evaluation. Amyloid fibril extracts were dissolved in 80% formic acid and separated by high performance liquid chromatography in 60% formic acid and 20% 2-propanol. Three major retarded fractions with molecular weights of approximately 24, 12 and 7 to 10 kD were recovered. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis documented beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) as the principal polypeptide in all investigated cases. In addition to proteins with intact N-termini, one fragment commencing with isoleucine in position 7 was found in osseous or synovial amyloid. In renal amyloid stones, one additional fragment was found beginning with serine in position 20. Generally, these data point to proteolytic cleavage carboxyterminal to a lysine residue and establish that not only intact beta2m but also at least one beta2m fragment is present in beta2m-derived amyloid deposits of patients with long-term hemodialysis. The fragmentation pattern is consistent with the action of lysine-specific protease(s) and underscores a potentially important role of limited proteolysis in the pathogenesis of AB-amyloid deposits. Abbreviations: beta2m, beta2 microglobulin; AA, amyloid A fibril protein; Alambda, amyloid fibril protein of immunoglobulin lambda chain origin; Akappa, amyloid fibril protein of kappa-chain origin; AF, amyloid fibril protein of prealbumin/transthyretin origin; AC, amyloid fibril protein of cystatin C origin; AB, amyloid fibril protein of beta2m origin" www.nature.com/ki/journal/v36/n4/abs/ki1989245a.htmlAlso related to the carboxy terminal! beta2m: or beta2-microglobulin-origin (AB-amyloid): Now what is that? What does this have to do with Morgellons? More later. Skytroll
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praying4usall
Full Member
He shall cover you with His Feathers, under His Wings you will find Refuge.
Posts: 244
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Post by praying4usall on Jan 2, 2008 21:24:26 GMT -5
I'm here....been a little busy, a little battle with depression trying to stop me in my tracks, but fighting it off, and moving ahead...to wherever our journey is leading us! Happy New Year...may it truly BE one for US too! Celia
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Post by skytroll on Jan 6, 2008 1:21:00 GMT -5
Found the "top down" building block:
Claim of Invention:
"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A Crick-Watson base paired dendrimer structure comprising a unit having the following formula: D-bp-D, where D is a dendrimer and bp comprises a Crick-Watson base paired deoxyribonucleic acid.".........
Dendrimer structure incorporated into Helix?
Well, let's tear this apart and see if it relates to the plastic forming phenomena!
" CRICK-WATSON BASE PAIRED DENDRIMER STRUCTURES PRIORITY This application claims priority from US Provisional Application Number 60- 499111 filed 29 August 2003.
FIELD The instant invention is in the field of dendritic polymers.
BACKGROUND Dendritic polymers have been successfully incorporated as biological binding reagents in immunoassay systems, and have demonstrated assay performance, such as in radical partition immunoassay formats, which is equivalent or superior to systems incorporating conventional binding reagents such as polystyrene beads. The benefits which have been achieved by incorporating Dendritic polymer binding reagents in immunoassay systems include increased assay sensitivity, greater precision, and reduced time required for analysis. However, the potential for successfully utilizing conventional Dendritic polymers as biological binding reagents in certain biomedical or diagnostic applications is, to an extent limited by the statistical distribution of different degrees of substitution found in Dendritic polymer conjugates prepared by attachment of biological compounds to the surface groups of the Dendritic polymer. In surface conjugations, different degrees of substitution and positional isomers may elicit different chemical and/or biological responses in certain applications and may yield unacceptably broad peaks or band when subjected to separation techniques, such as chromatography or electrophoresis. "
Here is the link, but shall we go paragraph by paragraph? and look up the stumper words?
We might find it!
What is the relationship with the Helix the Watson -Crick or Crick-Watson model?
First what is D-bp-D?
Skytroll
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Post by skytroll on Jan 6, 2008 1:26:01 GMT -5
Check this out self=assembly around metal particles. Yeah..........oh yeah............... where the metal meets the live gene? tinyurl.com/2o8u3wbooks.google.com/books?id=70qe8aC5K2MC&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207&dq=crick+watson+base+pair+and+dendrons+and+dendrimers&source =web&ots=ogiz19lzDq&sig=C2WWf6AhFNVqLu_MV5GYdWHNoJA just started to read it, but, can see the electrical component. Skytroll
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Post by skytroll on Jan 6, 2008 1:38:49 GMT -5
Supramolecules: seems to involve palladium, seems Russia is running out of the stuff. In a report I read a month ago seems the stocks on Palladium were going to take a dip, even though they had a good run. Russia running out of it. So what is palladium? here is Wiki Wonka's definition: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiummight be talking "cold fusion" ...."Palladium's affinity for hydrogen led it to play an essential role in the Fleischmann-Pons experiment in 1989, also known as cold fusion. In the run up to 2000, Russian supply of palladium to global market was repeatedly delayed and disrupted[4] because the export quota was not granted on time, due to political reasons. The ensuing market panic buying drove the palladium price to an all time high of $1100 per ounce, reached in January, 2001.[5] During the time period, Ford Motor Company, in fear of auto vehicle production disruption due to a possible palladium shortage, stockpiled large amounts of the metal, purchased near the price high. As prices subsequently fell in early 2001, Ford lost nearly $1 billion U.S. dollars. World demand for palladium increased from 100 tons in 1990 to nearly 300 tons in 2000. The global production from mines was 222 metric tons in 2006 according to USGS data.[6] Most palladium is used for catalytic converters in the automobile industry.[7]" So dendrimers and palladium? mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm more later....... Skytroll
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Post by skytroll on Jan 6, 2008 1:47:29 GMT -5
so is it plastic? co polymers? or Artificial DNA? oligonucleotides are artificial. Oligonucleotides: doesn't take you long to get to it! Welcome to Midland Certified, Your Source for Oligonucleotides, DNA, RNA and Polynucleotides! Midland has been a leader of synthetic DNA, RNA and oligonucleotides for more than 20 years. We pioneered the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for quality assurance, a procedure that has become the industry standard for the very best in oligonucleotide synthesis. Guided by this quality commitment, we have designed and built DNA synthesizers which produce a lower gene synthesis error rate than any commercially available instrument today. This enables our customers to build genes, and even whole genomes, directly from oligos with an exceptionally high fidelity. This technique has recently been reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (US) 100, 15440-15445 (2003). " www.oligos.com/Polynucleotides: Polynucleotide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A polynucleotide molecule is an organic polymer molecule composed of nucleotide monomers covalently bonded in a chain. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are examples of polynucleotides with distinct biological function. The prefix poly comes from the ancient Greek πολυς (polys, many). [edit] Polynucleotides in organisms Polynucleotides occur naturally in all living organisms. The genome of an organism consists of complementary pairs of enormously long polynucleotides wound around each other in the form of a double helix. Polynucleotides have a variety of other roles in organisms. [edit] Polynucleotides in scientific experiments Polynucleotides are used in biochemical experiments such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or DNA sequencing. Polynucleotides are made artificially from oligonucleotides, smaller nucleotide chains with generally fewer than 30 subunits. An polymerase enzyme is used to extend the chain by adding nucleotides according to a pattern specified by the scientist.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolynucleotideSkytroll
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Post by skytroll on Jan 6, 2008 2:16:52 GMT -5
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Post by skytroll on Jan 6, 2008 2:34:07 GMT -5
building blocks of science: blog.modernmechanix.com/2007/01/03/building-blocks-of-science/Daltons building blocks of nano? "Starburst/Cascade Dendrimers: Fundamental building blocks for a new nanoscopic chemistry set Prof. Donald A. Tomalia * Nanoscopic Chemistry and Architecture Michigan Molecular Institute, 1910 W. St. Andrews Road Midland, MI 48640 (USA) *Correspondence to Donald A. Tomalia, Nanoscopic Chemistry and Architecture Michigan Molecular Institute, 1910 W. St. Andrews Road Midland, MI 48640 (USA) I would like to thank the U. S. Army Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center (CRDEC), U. S. Air Force (AFOSR), Baxter Diagnostics Inc., Molecular Biosystems, Inc. and Unitika Corporation for the grants, fellowships and awards that supported this project. I am very grateful to all my co-workers/collaborators both at Michigan Molecular Institute and other campuses too numerous to mention. I am particularly grateful to Professor N. Turro (Columbia Univ.), Professors R. Hoffmann and J. M. J. Frechet (Cornell Univ.), Professor W. Goddard III (California Inst. of Tech.) and Dr. O. Webster (Dupont) for their encouragement. Finally, I am deeply indebted to the three Harold's in my life; Professors Harold Blecker (Univ. of Michigan, Flint), Harold Heine (Bucknell Univ.) and Harold Hart (Michigan State Univ.) for their teaching and inspiration in the ways of our first chemistry set. Donald Tomalia completed his undergraduate degree in chemistry at the University of Michigan and was awarded a Ph.D. in physical-organic chemistry from Michigan State University in 1968. His main interests include molecular recognition, genealogically directed design/synthesis of precisely defined macromolecules and controlled/targeted delivery systems. He is currently Research Professor/Director of Nanoscopic Chemistry and Architecture at the Michigan Molecular Institute and Scientific Advisor and Director of Dendritech Inc. He holds 83 US patents and has published over 60 papers and book chapters." www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/109624658/ABSTRACTDalton's Elements of Matter?\ www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=49skytroll
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praying4usall
Full Member
He shall cover you with His Feathers, under His Wings you will find Refuge.
Posts: 244
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Post by praying4usall on Jan 6, 2008 2:45:30 GMT -5
Darn...ME Brain aint a working tonight! I'll have to come back and read this tomorrow!!
THANKS FOR POSTING IT THOUGH!!!
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Post by skytroll on Jan 6, 2008 2:56:46 GMT -5
Picture of Palladium: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Palladium_1.jpgBiocer Based on the Biopalladium technology, developed by Ghent University (LabMET, tom.hennebel@ugent.be), a novel formulation of an effective palladium catalyst is developed as a better alternative to activated carbon adsorption or catalysis on iron: BIOCER. Biocer The palladium is “made” by bacteria, and further mixed into a polymer in order to obtain small beads which are active for dechlorination of VOCls and other recalcitrant halogenated organics. This is BIOCER. BIOCER was succesfully tested against the following contaminants in water at ambient temperature: * Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) * Lindane * Polybromobiphenyls and polybromodiphenylethers (PBBs and PBDEs) * Trichloroethane (TCA) * Trichloroethene (TRI) * Perchlorate * Ethynylestradiol (EE2) * … The BIOCER catalytic beads can be varied in size, are up to several millimetres large, and are readily applicable in upstream bed reactors, for example for above-ground groundwater treatment. These beads have physical properties very similar to ‘rubber’, are porous and sediment in water. The advantages that BIOCER has to activated carbon are that much less product needs to be used in any reactor technology, especially for molecules that are sterically hindering adsorption. Iron as a catalyst often gives rise to unwanted “side-products”, that don’t appear with BIOCER technology." Biocer Based on the Biopalladium technology, developed by Ghent University (LabMET, tom.hennebel@ugent.be), a novel formulation of an effective palladium catalyst is developed as a better alternative to activated carbon adsorption or catalysis on iron: BIOCER. Biocer The palladium is “made” by bacteria, and further mixed into a polymer in order to obtain small beads which are active for dechlorination of VOCls and other recalcitrant halogenated organics. This is BIOCER. BIOCER was succesfully tested against the following contaminants in water at ambient temperature: * Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) * Lindane * Polybromobiphenyls and polybromodiphenylethers (PBBs and PBDEs) * Trichloroethane (TCA) * Trichloroethene (TRI) * Perchlorate * Ethynylestradiol (EE2) * … The BIOCER catalytic beads can be varied in size, are up to several millimetres large, and are readily applicable in upstream bed reactors, for example for above-ground groundwater treatment. These beads have physical properties very similar to ‘rubber’, are porous and sediment in water. The advantages that BIOCER has to activated carbon are that much less product needs to be used in any reactor technology, especially for molecules that are sterically hindering adsorption. Iron as a catalyst often gives rise to unwanted “side-products”, that don’t appear with BIOCER technology. www.avecom.be/easycms/Biocerskytroll
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praying4usall
Full Member
He shall cover you with His Feathers, under His Wings you will find Refuge.
Posts: 244
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Post by praying4usall on Jan 7, 2008 3:11:47 GMT -5
Can you help me understand what this means? Let me know when we can talk, ok? thnks, Celia
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Post by mfromcanada on Jan 7, 2008 18:06:45 GMT -5
Happy New Year Skytroll, I have felt that my skin is turning into plastic for some time. I also think of tangled fibers of altzheimers.
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