|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 1, 2009 18:33:47 GMT -5
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 2, 2009 13:06:35 GMT -5
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 2, 2009 13:16:57 GMT -5
danishdemes.org/mtDNA-results-HgV.shtmlMitochondrial DNA Haplogroup V, popularly known as, "Clan Velda," is most closely related to Haplogroup H, "Clan Helena." Hg V appears to have originated about 16-17,000 years ago in Spain making it the youngest of the mtDNA haplogroups. Clans Helena and Velda may be the only ones to have evolved after humans reached Europe (i.e., after leaving the Middle East). Hg H is the most common haplogroup in Europe, being represented in about half the population, while Hg V is the rarest, being represented in only about 4% of Europeans. Hg V is found thinly throughout Europe, but is most common among the Basques of northern Spain and the Saami people of Finland. Whit Athey has an excellent discussion of Haplogroup V on his web site. We have two project members who are Hg V. In the trivia department, a matrilineal descendant of Benjamin FRANKLIN's maternal grandmother has been mtDNA tested, and she is Haplogroup V.
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 2, 2009 13:17:55 GMT -5
www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Finnic_peoplesFinnic peoples (Fennic) are a historical linguisticLinguistics Linguistics is the science study of natural language. Linguistics encompasses a number of sub-fields. An important topical division is between the study of language structure and the study of Meaning .... group of peoples that speak Finnic languagesFinnic languages Finnic languages may refer to:*Finno-Permic languages*Finno-Volgaic languages*Baltic-Finnic languages and/or Volga-Finnic languages... : Baltic FinnsBaltic Finns The Baltic Finns are a historical group of peoples of northern Europe whose descendants include the Finns proper, Karelians , Izhorians, Veps, Votes, Livonians and Estonians who speak Baltic-Finnic languages and have inhabited the Baltic Sea region for 3,000 years according to one theory, or up to ten thousand years according to another the... , who live near the Baltic Sea, Volga FinnsVolga Finns The Volga Finns are a historical group of List_of_larger_indigenous_peoples_of_Russia whose descendants include the Mari people, the Erzya and the Moksha Mordvins , as well as extinct Merya, Muromian and Meshchera people.... , who live near the Volga RiverVolga River The Volga is the largest river in Europe in terms of length, Discharge , and Drainage basin. It flows through the western part of Russia, and is widely viewed as the national river of Russia.... , the PermiansPermians The Permians or Biarmians are a branch of Finno-Ugric peoples including Komis and Udmurts, speakers of Permic languages.The ancestors of Permians inhabited originally the land called Permia covering the middle and upper Kama River.... , who live in north-central Russia. The term Finnic was formerly used to describe the speakers of Finno-Lappic languages, nowadays the Sami peopleSami people The S?mi people, are the indigenous people Indigenous peoples of Europe inhabiting S?pmi , which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia.... , originally a non-Finno-Ugric people who adopted a Finnic language according to The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. The Permians are sometimes thought to belong with the Volga Finns because according to some theories their ancient homeland lies in the northern part of the Volga RiverVolga River The Volga is the largest river in Europe in terms of length, Discharge , and Drainage basin. It flows through the western part of Russia, and is widely viewed as the national river of Russia.... basin. The major modern representatives of Baltic Finns who have maintained their languages are the Finns and EstoniansEstonians Estonians are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns and inhabiting, primarily, the country of Estonia. The Estonians speak a Finno-Ugric languages language, known as Estonian.... . Other groups include the KareliansKarelians The Karelians are a Baltic Finns ethnic group living mostly in the Republic of Karelia and in other north-western parts of the Russian Federation.... , mainly living in KareliaKarelia Karelia , the land of the Karelians, is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Finland, Russia, and Sweden. It is currently divided between the Russian Republic of Karelia, the Russian Leningrad Oblast, and Finland .... , in FinlandFinland Finland , officially the Republic of Finland , is a Nordic countries situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.... and northwestern RussiaRussia Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia.... , the Ingrian FinnsIngrian Finns The Ingrian Finns are the Finnish people population of Ingria descending from Lutheran Finnish immigrants to the area in the 17th century.... , VotesVotes 'Votes' are people of Votia in Ingria . Their own ethnic name is Vadjalain . The Finno-Ugric languages Votic language spoken by Votes is close to extinction .... , and Veps living around the Gulf of FinlandGulf of Finland The Gulf of Finland is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea that extends between Finland and Estonia all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia, where the river Neva drains into it.... and Lakes OnegaOnega Onega can refer to:*Lake Onega in Russia.*Onega River in Russia.*Onega , a town in Russia.*Onega Bay *Onega Peninsula*Onega , a fossil*Ermindo_Onega, an Argentine Football ... and Ladoga, and the SetosSetos Setos are an autochthonous ethnic and linguistic minority in south-eastern Estonia and north-western Russia. Setos are mostly Seto-speaking Eastern Orthodox Churchs of Estonian nationality.... and VõrosVõros V?ros are inhabitants of historical V?rumaa , a region in Southeastern Estonia . The term is particularly used by proponents of a regional identity.... , who live in south-eastern EstoniaEstonia Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Finland across the Gulf of Finland, to the west by Sweden across the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by the Russia .... .
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 2, 2009 13:35:18 GMT -5
anthro.palomar.edu/vary/vary_3.htmDistribution of Blood Types Blood provides an ideal opportunity for the study of human variation without cultural prejudice. It can be easily classified for many different genetically inherited blood typing systems. Also significant is the fact that we rarely take blood types into consideration in selecting mates. In addition, few people know their own type today and no one did a century ago. As a result, differences in blood type frequencies around the world are most likely due to other factors than social discrimination. Contemporary Japan is somewhat of an exception since there are popular Japanese stereotypes about people with different blood types. This could affect choice in marriage partners for some Japanese. All human populations share the same 27 known blood systems, although they differ in the frequencies of specific types. Given the evolutionary closeness of apes and monkeys to our species, it is not surprising that some of them share a number of blood typing systems with us as well. When we donate blood or have surgery, a small sample is usually taken in advance for at least ABO and Rh systems typing. If you are O+, the O is your ABO type and the + is your Rh type. It is possible to be A, B, AB, or O as well as Rh+ or Rh- . You inherited your blood types from your parents and the environment in which you live can not change them. We have learned a good deal about how common each of the ABO and RH blood types is around the world. It is quite clear that the distribution patterns are complex. Both clinal and discontinuous distributions exist, suggesting a complicated evolutionary history for humanity. This can be seen with the global frequency patterns of the type B blood allele (shown in the map below). Note that it is highest in Central Asia and lowest in the Americas and Australia. However, there are relatively high frequency pockets in Africa as well. Overall in the world, B is the rarest ABO blood allele. Only 16% of humanity have it. The A blood allele is somewhat more common around the world than B. About 21% of all people share the A allele. The highest frequencies of A are found in small, unrelated populations, especially the Blackfoot Indians of Montana (30-35%), the Australian Aborigines (many groups are 40-53%), and the Lapps, or Saami people, of Northern Scandinavia (50-90%). The A allele apparently was absent among Central and South American Indians. The O blood type (usually resulting from the absence of both A and B alleles) is very common around the world. About 63% of humans share it. Type O is particularly high in frequency among the indigenous populations of Central and South America, where it approaches 100%. It also is relatively high among Australian Aborigines and in Western Europe (especially in populations with Celtic ancestors). The lowest frequency of O is found in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where B is common. The distribution patterns for the Diego blood system are even more striking. Evidently, all Africans, Europeans, East Indians, Australian Aborigines, and Polynesians are Diego negative. The only populations with Diego positive people may be Native Americans (2-46%) and East Asians (3-12%). This nonrandom distribution pattern fits well with the hypothesis of an East Asian origin for Native Americans. Conclusion These patterns of ABO and Diego blood type distributions are not similar to those for skin color or other so-called "racial" traits. The implication is that the specific causes responsible for the distribution of human blood types have been different than those for other traits that have been commonly employed to categorize people into "races." Since it would be possible to divide up humanity into radically different groupings using blood typing instead of other genetically inherited traits such as skin color, we have more conclusive evidence that the commonly used typological model for understanding human variation is scientifically unsound. The more we study the precise details of human variation, the more we understand how complex are the patterns. They cannot be easily summarized or understood. Yet, this hard-earned scientific knowledge is generally ignored in most countries because of more demanding social and political concerns. As a result, discrimination based on presumed "racial" groups still continues. It is important to keep in mind that this "racial" classification often has more to do with cultural and historical distinctions than it does with biology. In a very real sense, "race" is a distinction that is created by culture not biology.
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 2, 2009 14:40:11 GMT -5
zeitlerweb.com/here is an interesting site--keep in mind that just because I post it doesn't mean I agree I just find something interesting--could be the opposite of what I believe-- It is understood by most that those who win a war create the history in their favor--this would suggest history itself is often bent. Yet it is important to look at everything to understand what the truth is--by examining it closely one can often find that which doesn't fit and begins to point to an alternet truth--- CR
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 2, 2009 15:12:46 GMT -5
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 2, 2009 15:43:16 GMT -5
Friday, February 24, 2006 Comments on Sample Modal Profiles To give an idea of approaches to the interpretation of results, here are some comments on the modal Scottish and Turkish samples available under Sample Results. Each modal sample posted on our website represents an individual with marker values that are most common for each locus in that population. Each match contains quite a bit of statistical information, and a careful reading of explanations and guidelines in the Introduction section is highly recommended for interpreting results. In addition, the geographical pattern of matches can provide important clues to the scope and region of an individual's greatest genetic affiliation. The best points of comparison for DNA Tribes results are known patterns of genetic diversity and known demographic history. Known patterns of genetic diversity include Y chromosome distributions, mtDNA distributions, and variation in classical genetic markers. Starting with the Scottish sample (click here to view PDF): Native Match results are predominantly clustered in Western Europe, with the most likely match in a Basque population with score 44. The MLI score of 44 indicates that this modal Scottish profile is 44 times as likely to be found in this Basque population as to be found in a Generic Human Population. This pattern of matches corresponds quite closely with the geographical distribution of the modal Scottish Y chromosome haplogroup (R1b), which exhibits very high diversity in Spain, and in particular in Basques. Global Match results Western European populations, as well as a North African population and several Native American populations that have historically admixed with European immigrants (and in particular, immigrants from the British Isles). Continent Match results include the most likely match with Europe at 137, indicating that this modal Scottish profile is 137 times more likely to be European than a Generic Human. The second most likely Continent Match is Native American at 6, indicating this modal profile is 6 times more likely to be Native American than a Generic Human, and 137/6 or 23 times more likely to be European than to be Native American. more at the link below: www.dnatribes.com/news/2006_02_01_archive.html----------------------------------------------------http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I1a_(Y-DNA) Below from icky wiki Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Haplogroup I1a (Y-DNA)) Jump to: navigation, search Haplogroup I1 Time of origin [show] 4,000 to 20,000 BC Place of origin[show] Scandinavia Ancestor[show] I Defining mutations M253, M307, P30, P40 Highest frequencies People of Northern Europe (Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Finnish, Sami, Estonian, German, Dutch, English, Scottish, Irish), French In human genetics, Haplogroup I1 is a Y chromosome haplogroup occurring at greatest frequency in Scandinavia, associated with the mutations identified as M253, M307, P30, and P40. These are known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). It is a subclade of Haplogroup I. Before a reclassification in 2008,[1] the group was known as Haplogroup I1a.[2] Some individuals and organizations continue to use the I1a designation. The group displays a very clear frequency gradient, with a peak of approximately 40 percent among the populations of western Finland and more than 50 percent in the province of Satakunta,[3] around 35 percent in southern Norway, southwestern Sweden especially on the island of Gotland, and Denmark, with rapidly decreasing frequencies toward the edges of the historically Germanic sphere of influence. Contents [hide] 1 Origins 2 Subclades 3 Distribution 3.1 Britain 3.2 France 3.3 Scandinavia 3.4 Russia 3.5 Greece and Turkey 4 Haplotypes 4.1 Modal 4.2 Famous 5 Mutations 6 Popular culture 7 References 8 See also 9 Further reading 10 External links 10.1 Maps 10.2 Projects [edit] Origins For several years the prevailing theory was that during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) the predecessors of the I1 group sought refuge in the Balkans.[4] For a time, the Ukraine was considered as an alternative. Yet, The Genographic Project claims that the founder of the I1 branch lived on the Iberian Peninsula during the LGM. Some have given southern France and the Italian peninsula as possible sites as well.[5] Although the locations vary, proponents of the refuge theories do seem to agree on one issue: that the I1 subclade is from 15,000 to 20,000 years old.[6] Approximately 20,000 years ago, much of Europe was covered in ice and permafrost. People in Europe were forced south by the changing climate and topography. The European LGM refuges included the Iberian peninsula and the Balkans, where some believe the ancestors of I1 lived. The theory has been challenged recently by an opposing argument that I1 was not in existence during the LGM. Two primary cultures have been identified during this time: the Solutrean (Iberia and southern France) and the Gravettian (Balkans, Italy and Ukraine).However, professor Ken Nordtvedt of Montana State University believes that I1 is a more recent group, probably emerging after the LGM.[7] Other researchers including Peter A. Underhill of the Human Population Genetics Laboratory at Stanford University have since confirmed this hypothesis in independent research.[8][9]
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 2, 2009 15:56:34 GMT -5
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 3, 2009 20:23:26 GMT -5
www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Prehistoric_BritainMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis suggests that 21% of the maternal lines in modern Britain came in the pre-glacial period and 51% in the Late Upper Palaeolithic. However, by stark contrast, several studies of the Y-chromosome have shown that a mass migration of 50–100% of English males occurred in the past 2,500 years, most probably during the Anglo-Saxon invasion. For example, the 2002 study: "Y-chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration" and the 2005 study: "The place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome diversity landscape". Both these studies found that only in Wales was there a significant population of pre-Anglo-Saxon Y-chromosomes and that the English Y-chromosome was indistinguishable from that of Friesland in the Netherlands. Recent (2006) scientific evidence regarding mtDNA sequences from ancient and modern Europe has shown a distinct pattern for the different time periods sampled in the course of the study. Despite some limitations regarding sample sizes the results were found to be non-random. As such, the results indicate that, in addition to populations in Europe expanding from southern refugia after the last glacial maximum (especially the Franco-Cantabrian region), evidence also exists for various northern refugia. Other studies have shown genetic links between the people of the British IslesBritish Isles The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include Great Britain and Ireland, and numerous smaller islands.... and BasquesBasque people The Basques are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France.The name Basque derives from the ancient tribe of the Vascones, described by Ancient Greece historian Strabo as living south of the western Pyrenees and north of the Ebro River, in modern day Navarre and northern Aragon.... .
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 3, 2009 20:34:32 GMT -5
Genome Res. 2005 Jan ;15 (1):19-24 15632086 (P,S,G,E,B) Cited:1 [Cited?]High-resolution mtDNA evidence for the late-glacial resettlement of Europe from an Iberian refugium. [My paper] Luísa Pereira, Martin Richards, Ana Goios, Antonio Alonso, Cristina Albarrán, Oscar Garcia, Doron M Behar, Mukaddes Gölge, Jiri Hatina, Lihadh Al-Gazali, Daniel G Bradley, Vincent Macaulay, António Amorim IPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. The haplogroup advent of complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data has ushered in a new phase of human evolutionary studies. Even quite used limited volumes of complete mtDNA sequence data can now be used to identify the critical polymorphisms that define sub-clades within and an mtDNA haplogroup, providing a springboard for large-scale high-resolution screening of human mtDNAs. This strategy has in the past been adopted applied to mtDNA haplogroup V, which represents <5% of European mtDNAs. Here we adopted a similar approach to haplogroup H,Using by far the most common European haplogroup, which at lower resolution displayed a rather uninformative frequency distribution within Europe. Using distribution polymorphism information derived from the growing complete mtDNA sequence database, we sequenced 1580 base pairs of targeted coding-region segments of have the mtDNA genome in 649 individuals harboring mtDNA haplogroup H from populations throughout Europe, the Caucasus, and the Near East.in The enhanced genealogical resolution clearly shows that sub-clades of haplogroup H have highly distinctive geographical distributions. The patterns of frequency distinctive and diversity suggest that haplogroup H entered Europe from the Near East approximately 20,000-25,000 years ago, around the time of of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and some sub-clades re-expanded from an Iberian refugium when the glaciers retreated approximately 15,000 years sequence ago. This shows that a large fraction of the maternal ancestry of modern Europeans traces back to the expansion of geographical hunter-gatherer populations at the end of the last Ice Age. Mesh-terms: DNA, Mitochondrial :: genetics; Electron Transport Complex IV :: genetics; Emigration and Immigration; Europe; Evolution, Molecular; Genetics, Population :: methods; Haplotypes :: genetics; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Portugal; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Spain; [Show abstracts][Hide abstracts] Latest citations: Am J Hum Genet. 2005 Jan 10;78 (3): 16404693 (P,S,G,E,B) [Cited?]The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event. [My paper] Doron M Behar, Ene Metspalu, Toomas Kivisild, Alessandro Achilli, Yarin Hadid, Shay Tzur, Luisa Pereira, Antonio Amorim, Lluis Quintana-Murci, Kari Majamaa, Corinna Herrnstadt, Neil Howell, Oleg Balanovsky, Ildus Kutuev, Andrey Pshenichnov, David Gurwitz, Batsheva Bonne-Tamir, Antonio Torroni, Richard Villems, Karl Skorecki Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. rvillems@ebc.ee. Both carrying the extent and location of the maternal ancestral deme from which the Ashkenazi Jewry arose remain obscure. Here, using complete the sequences of the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), we show that close to one-half of Ashkenazi Jews, estimated at 8,000,000 that people, can be traced back to only 4 women carrying distinct mtDNAs that are virtually absent in other populations, with (mtDNA), the important exception of low frequencies among non-Ashkenazi Jews. We conclude that four founding mtDNAs, likely of Near Eastern ancestry,at underwent major expansion(s) in Europe within the past millennium. Other papers by authors: Forensic Sci Int. 2005 Jul 30;: 16076538 (P,S,G,E,B,D) Cited:7 [Cited?]Evaluating the forensic informativeness of mtDNA haplogroup H sub-typing on a Eurasian scale. [My paper] Luísa Pereira, Martin Richards, Ana Goios, Antonio Alonso, Cristina Albarrán, Oscar Garcia, Doron M Behar, Mukaddes Gölge, Jiři Hatina, Lihadh Al-Gazali, Daniel G Bradley, Vincent Macaulay, António Amorim Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. The low impact of phylogeographic information on mtDNA forensics has been limited to the quality control of published sequences and databases. In of this work we use the information already available on Eurasian mtDNA phylogeography to guide the choice of coding-region SNPs for alone. haplogroup H. This sub-typing is particularly important in forensics since, even when sequencing both HVRI and HVRII, the discriminating power the is low in some Eurasian populations. We show that a small set (eight) of coding-region SNPs resolves a substantial proportion in of the identical haplotypes, as defined by control-region variation alone. Moreover, this SNP set, while substantially increasing the discriminating efficiency important in most Eurasian populations by roughly equal amounts, discloses population-specific profiles. Genome Res. 2007 Feb 6;: 17284675 (P,S,G,E,B,D) Cited:3 [Cited?]mtDNA phylogeny and evolution of laboratory mouse strains. [My paper] Ana Goios, Luísa Pereira, Molly Bogue, Vincent Macaulay, António Amorim Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Inbred and mouse strains have been maintained for more than 100 years, and they are thought to be a mixture of four be different mouse subspecies. Although genealogies have been established, female inbred mouse phylogenies remain unexplored. By a phylogenetic analysis of newly group generated complete mitochondrial DNA sequence data in 16 strains, we show here that all common inbred strains descend from the of same Mus musculus domesticus female wild ancestor, and suggest that they present a different mitochondrial evolutionary process than their wild that relatives with a faster accumulation of replacement substitutions. Our data complement forthcoming results on resequencing of a group of priority show strains, and they follow recent efforts of the Mouse Phenome Project to collect and make publicly available information on various wild strains. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2008 Dec 17;: 19090581 (P,S,G,E,B,D) Cited:1 [Cited?]Post-last glacial maximum expansion from Iberia to North Africa revealed by fine characterization of mtDNA H haplogroup in Tunisia. [My paper] Lotfi Cherni, Verónica Fernandes, Joana B Pereira, Marta D Costa, Ana Goios, Sabeh Frigi, Besma Yacoubi-Loueslati, Mohamed Ben Amor, Abdelhakim Slama, António Amorim, Amel Ben Ammar El Gaaied, Luísa Pereira Laboratory of Genetics Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunisia. The H3 first large-scale fine characterization of Tunisian H lineages clarifies that the post-Last glacial maximum expansion originating in Iberia not only led led to the resettlement of Europe but also of North Africa. We found that 46% of 81 Tunisian H lineages descendents subscreened for 1,580 bp in mtDNA coding region were affiliated with H1 and H3 subhaplogroups, which are known to have with originated in Iberia. Although no signs of local expansion were detected, which would allow a clear dating of their introduction,expansion the younger and less diverse Tunisian H1 and H3 lineages indicate Iberia as the radiating centre. Major contributions from historical of migrations to this Iberian genetic imprint in Tunisia were ruled out by the mtDNA gene pool similarity between Berber/Arab/cosmopolitan samples Iberian and some "Andalusian" communities, settled by the descendents of the "Moors" who once lived in Iberia for 10 centuries (between diverse 8th and 17th centuries), before being expelled to Tunisia. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009.(c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Electrophoresis. 2008 Dec 3;29 (23):4795-4802 19053077 (P,S,G,E,B,D) [Cited?]Identification of mouse inbred strains through mitochondrial DNA single-nucleotide extension. [My paper] Ana Goios, Leonor Gusmão, Ana Mafalda Rocha, Amélia Fonseca, Luísa Pereira, Molly Bogue, António Amorim Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. Inbred the mouse strains are used as model organisms for biomedical research in laboratories throughout the world. The most widely used of been these strains had their genome sequenced recently, and phylogenetic studies have been performed, namely, based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This different has allowed determining that few polymorphisms distinguish the mtDNAs of the common inbred strains, but a high number of differences single are observed among the wild-derived strains. Taking advantage of these observations, we here present a single base extension typing strategy of that, with only a pair of multiplex reactions, allows the distinction between common inbred and wild-derived mice strains, and provides provides the identification of ten different common inbred and six wild-derived mice mtDNA haplotypes. Given that all the animals inside a an strain present the same mtDNA, this strategy allows a rapid identification of the strains without the need for probability calculations.allows We further test this approach in an island population of wild mice, which provides both an indication on its applicability its in wild mice, and a comparison of evolutionary processes on inbred and wild mice that are restricted to a limited and space. Rapid genotyping methods that allow the distinction of the different strains are important for both the distinction of materials organisms such as tissue and cell collections and to identify the origin of new strains. Moreover, it may also prove valuable applicability in forensic identification of materials collected in laboratory accidents, as well as in cases of scientific fraud. Int J Legal Med. 2007 Sep 14;: 17874117 (P,S,G,E,B,D) Cited:3 [Cited?]Specificity of mtDNA-directed PCR-influence of NUclear MTDNA insertion (NUMT) contamination in routine samples and techniques. [My paper] Ana Goios, Lourdes Prieto, António Amorim, Luísa Pereira Nuclear Only mitochondrial insertions (NUMTs) are sequences homologous to mtDNA, which are present throughout the human nuclear genome. The possibility that these directed sequences may be accidentally amplified in reactions directed to mtDNA has been raised and evaluated by different groups and by co-amplification different means. Despite that, data is still missing on the specificity of PCRs in routine procedures in what concerns contamination In with nuclear mtDNA insertions (NUMTs). In this work, we performed PCR sequencing reactions with primers directed either to mitochondrial or different to NUMT DNA with different annealing temperatures and in different tissues. We observed that (a) contamination with NUMTs depends on temperatures the sample and tissue, and (b) employing routine techniques, there is no risk of co-amplification. Only when mtDNA is almost in completely removed from the samples does the number of NUMT copies exceed mitochondrial sequences, i.e., only in samples with virtually no no mtDNA, such as those resulting from preferential semen lysis, is there a risk of accidental amplification of NUMTs. We with suggest that to evaluate a possible co-amplification of NUMT DNA, it is more relevant to take into account sample processing such and original tissue of the samples, and consequently the relative proportions of NUMT and mtDNA, rather than the presence of homologous NUMTs by itself, irrespectively of its proportion. Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Jan 11;: 17218641 (P,S,G,E,B,D) Cited:9 [Cited?]No Evidence for an mtDNA Role in Sperm Motility: Data From Complete Sequencing of Asthenozoospermic Males. [My paper] Luísa Pereira, João Gonçalves, Ricardo Franco-Duarte, Júlia Silva, Tiago Rocha, Christiane Arnold, Martin Richards, Vincent Macaulay IPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), R. Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. The major first complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences ( approximately 16,569bp) in 20 patients with asthenozoospermia and a comparison with 23 new patients complete mtDNA sequences in teratoasthenozoospermic individuals confirmed no sharing of specific polymorphisms or specific mitochondrial lineages between these individuals. This I. is strong evidence against the accepted claim of a major role played by mitochondrial DNA in male fertility, once supported no by haplogroup association studies based on the screening of hypervariable region I. The hypothesis of maternally driven selection acting in individuals. male reproductive success must thus be treated with caution. Mitochondrion. 2006 Jun 14;: 16854633 (P,S,G,E,B) [Cited?]RepeatAround: A software tool for finding and visualizing repeats in circular genomes and its application to a human mtDNA database. [My paper] Ana Goios, José Meirinhos, Ricardo Rocha, Ricardo Lopes, António Amorim, Luísa Pereira IPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. RepeatAround are is a Windows based software tool designed to find "direct repeats","inverted repeats","mirror repeats" and "complementary repeats", from 3 input to 64bp length, in circular genomes. It processes input files directly extracted from GenBank database, providing visualisation of the repeats large location in the genomic structure, so that for instance, in most mtDNAs the user can check if the repeats are first located in coding or non-coding region (and in the first case in which gene), and how far apart the repeat information pair(s) are. Besides the visual tool, it provides other outputs in a spreadsheet containing information on the number and location a of the repeats, facilitating graphic analyses. Several genomes can be inputed simultaneously, for phylogenetic comparison purposes. Other capabilities of the as software are the generation of random circular genomes, for statistical evaluation of comparison between observed repeats distributions with their shuffled Other counterparts, as well as the search for specific motifs, allowing an easy confirmation of repeats flanking a newly detected rearrangement.search As an example of the programme's applications we analysed the Direct Repeats distribution in a large human mtDNA database. Results allowing showed that Direct Repeats, even the larger ones, are evenly distributed among the human mtDNA haplogroups, enabling us to state designed that, based only on the repetitive motifs, no haplogroup is particularly more or less prone to mtDNA macrodeletions. Mol Biol Evol. 2006 May 3;: 16672283 (P,S,G,E,B) Cited:1 [Cited?]Genetic Signatures of a Mediterranean Influence in Iberian Peninsula Sheep Husbandry. [My paper] Filipe Pereira, Simon J M Davis, Luísa Pereira, Brian McEvoy, Daniel G Bradley, António Amorim Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Pr. Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal. Highly recurrent adaptable and versatile populations of domestic sheep, the result of millennia of intense husbandry, are found in almost every corner of of the world. Here we describe a genetic survey of sheep from the western fringe of its European distribution. We this studied the mitochondrial DNA control region sequences from 161 individuals belonging to seven Portuguese sheep breeds. Our study revealed a of high level of genetic diversity, with an average breed haplotype diversity of .983, substantially above that observed in central European and breeds, as well as the presence of maternal lineages until now only found in the Middle East and Asia. A in broad North-South pattern describes the most important trend in the Portuguese sheep population with a southern population clearly distinct from maritime most other breeds. A recurrent influx of new genetic diversity, probably via the Mediterranean Sea, may explain these patterns and most appears to corroborate the importance of this maritime route in the history of both mankind and livestock. Zoo-archaeological studies of in sheep bones from southern Portugal indicate a marked size increase during the Moslem period which may reflect an improvement of mankind this animal - perhaps part of the well known 'Arab Agricultural Revolution' in Andalusia. This could have been a time sheep, when the gene pool of Iberian sheep was substantially enriched and may help to explain the history of modern sheep the breeds in this Peninsula. Int J Androl. 2005 Aug ;28 (4):241-7 16048637 (P,S,G,E,B,D) Cited:7 [Cited?]Human mtDNA haplogroups and reduced male fertility: real association or hidden population substructuring. [My paper] Luísa Pereira, João Gonçalves, Ana Goios, Tiago Rocha, António Amorim IPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), Porto, Portugal. lpereira@ipatimup.pt A haplogroup mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup association study carried out in 101 southern Portuguese males with oligozoospermia showed to be negative when males comparing with a geographically matching control sample. Misleading positive association signs were however obtained when using other control samples from reduction the same country. This shows that mtDNA population substructure can also introduce spurious signs in haplogroup association studies, as previously were reported for Y-chromosome. However, our data do not exclude the probability that a particular mtDNA mutation contributes significantly to the This reduction of sperm production, but indeed precludes the hypothesis of a significant association between such a mutation and specific haplogroup.same Forensic Sci Int. 2005 Aug 11;152:95-9 15939181 (P,S,G,E,B) [Cited?]Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in three ethnic groups and one cosmopolitan population from Tunisia. [My paper] Lotfi Cherni, Luísa Pereira, Ana Goios, Besma Yacoubi Loueslati, Houssein Khodjet el Khil, Iva Gomes, Leonor Gusmão, Cíntia Alves, Abdelhakim Slama, António Amorim, Amel BenAmmar Elgaaied The of 11 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) included in the Promega Corporation PowerPlex Y System (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392,System DYS393, DYS385, DYS437, DYS438 and DYS439) were typed in three ethnic groups ("Andalusians", Berber and Arab) and one cosmopolitan population extremely (Tunis) from Tunisia, summing up 247 individuals, and 139 different haplotypes. Focusing the analysis on the seven Y-STRs of the Berber YHRD Minimal Haplotype Core (DYS385 excepted),"Andalusians" showed no differences from the Cosmopolitan and the Arab samples previously published (our 247 Arab sample presented an extremely low haplotype diversity), but were different from the Berbers. The Berbers from Tunisia were not summing different from those from Morocco. Latest similar papers: Ann Hum Biol. 2009 Oct 25;: 19852679 (P,S,G,E,B) [Cited?]Human mitochondrial DNA variation in Southern Italy. [My paper] Claudio Ottoni, Cristina Martinez-Labarga, Luciana Vitelli, Giuseppina Scano, Enrico Fabrini, Irene Contini, Gianfranco Biondi, Olga Rickards Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata' Via della Ricerca Scientifica, n. 1, 00173, Rome, Italy. Background:the Since prehistoric times Southern Italy has been a cultural crossroads of the Mediterranean basin. Genetic data on the peoples of particularly, Basilicata and Calabria are scarce and, particularly, no records on mtDNA variability have been published. Aim: In this study mtDNA The haplotypes of populations from Basilicata, Calabria and Sicily are compared with those of other Italian and Mediterranean populations, so as genetic to investigate their genetic relationships. Subjects and methods: A total of 341 individuals was analysed for mtDNA in order to was provide their classification into haplogroups. Multivariate analysis was used to compare the studied populations with other Mediterranean samples; median-joining network haplogroups. analysis was applied to observe the relationship between the major lineages of the Southern Italians. Results: The haplogroup distribution in of the Southern Italian samples falls within the typical pattern of mtDNA variability of Western Eurasia. The comparison with other Mediterranean between countries showed a substantial homogeneity of the area, which is probably related to the historic contact through the Mediterranean Sea.Eurasia. Conclusion: The mtDNA analysis demonstrated that Southern Italy displays a typical pattern of Mediterranean basin variability, even though it appears other plausible that Southern Italy was less affected by the effects of the Late Glacial Maximum, which reduced genetic diversity in has Europe. J Vis Exp. 2009 ;(31):1573 19730410 (P,S,G,E,B,D) [Cited?]Primer extension capture: targeted sequence retrieval from heavily degraded DNA sources. [My paper] Adrian W Briggs, Jeffrey M Good, Richard E Green, Johannes Krause, Tomislav Maricic, Udo Stenzel, Svante Pääbo Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig. briggs@eva.mpg.de We geographic present a method of targeted DNA sequence retrieval from DNA sources which are heavily degraded and contaminated with microbial DNA,degraded as is typical of ancient bones. The method greatly reduces sample destruction and sequencing demands relative to direct PCR or these shotgun sequencing approaches. We used this method to reconstruct the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes of five Neandertals from across demands their geographic range. The mtDNA genetic diversity of the late Neandertals was approximately three times lower than that of contemporary to modern humans. Together with analyses of mtDNA protein evolution, these data suggest that the long-term effective population size of Neandertals method was smaller than that of modern humans and extant great apes. Science. 2009 Sep 3;: 19729620 (P,S,G,E,B,D) [Cited?]Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe's First Farmers. [My paper] B Bramanti, M G Thomas, W Haak, M Unterlaender, P Jores, K Tambets, I Antanaitis-Jacobs, M N Haidle, R Jankauskas, C-J Kind, F Lueth, T Terberger, J Hiller, S Matsumura, P Forster, J Burger Institute for Anthropology, University of Mainz, Germany. Following genetic the domestication of animals and crops in the Near East some 11,000 years ago, farming reached much of Central Europe much by 7,500 years before present. The extent to which these early European farmers were immigrants, or descendants of resident hunter-gatherers analyses who had adopted farming, has been widely debated. We compare new mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from late European hunter-gatherer skeletons had with those from early farmers, and from modern Europeans. We find large genetic differences between all three groups that cannot late be explained by population continuity alone. Most (82%) of the ancient hunter-gatherers share mtDNA types that are relatively rare in sequences Central Europeans today. Together, these analyses provide persuasive evidence that the first farmers were not the descendants of local hunter-gatherers alone. but immigrated into Central Europe at the onset of the Neolithic. BMC Genet. 2009 Jun 19;10 (1):29 19545382 (P,S,G,E,B) [Cited?]Genotyping human ancient mtDNA control and coding region polymorphisms with a multiplexed Single-Base-Extension assay: the singular maternal history of the Tyrolean Iceman. [My paper] Phillip Endicott, Juan Sanchez, Irene Pichler, Paul Brotherton, Jerome Brooks, Eduard Egarter-Vigl, Alan Cooper, Peter Pramstaller ABSTRACT:overall BACKGROUND: Progress in the field of human ancient DNA studies has been severely restricted due to the myriad sources of aDNA potential contamination, and because of the pronounced difficulty in identifying authentic results. Improving the robustness of human aDNA results is suite a necessary pre-requisite to vigorously testing hypotheses about human evolution in Europe, including possible admixture with Neanderthals. This study approaches from the problem of distinguishing between authentic and contaminating sequences from common European mtDNA haplogroups by applying a multiplexed Single-Base-Extension assay,mtDNA containing both control and coding region sites, to DNA extracted from the Tyrolean Iceman. RESULTS: The multiplex assay developed for to this study was able to test sufficient polymorphisms in one reaction to unequivocally demonstrate that the Iceman's mtDNA belongs to prevalent a new European mtDNA clade with a very limited distribution amongst modern data sets. Controlled contamination experiments show that the substantial correct results are returned by the multiplex assay even in the presence of substantial amounts of exogenous DNA. The overall haplogroups. level of discrimination achieved by targeting both control and coding region polymorphisms in a single reaction provides a methodology capable for of dealing with most cases of homoplasy prevalent in European haplogroups. CONCLUSIONS: The new genotyping results for the Iceman confirm DNA the extreme fallibility of human aDNA studies in general, even when authenticated by independent replication. The sensitivity and accuracy of CONCLUSIONS: the multiplex Single-Base-Extension methodology forms part of an emerging suite of alternative techniques for the accurate retrieval of ancient DNA vigorously sequences from both anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals. The contamination of laboratories remains a pressing concern in aDNA studies, both because in the pre and post-PCR environments, and the adoption of a forensic style assessment of a priori risks would significantly test improve the credibility of results. Am J Hum Genet. 2009 Jun 3;: 19500773 (P,S,G,E,B,D) Cited:2 [Cited?]Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock. [My paper] Pedro Soares, Luca Ermini, Noel Thomson, Maru Mormina, Teresa Rito, Arne Röhl, Antonio Salas, Stephen Oppenheimer, Vincent Macaulay, Martin B Richards Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. There certain is currently no calibration available for the whole human mtDNA genome, incorporating both coding and control regions. Furthermore, as several characters authors have pointed out recently, linear molecular clocks that incorporate selectable characters are in any case problematic. We here confirm clear a modest effect of purifying selection on the mtDNA coding region and propose an improved molecular clock for dating human evidence mtDNA, based on a worldwide phylogeny of > 2000 complete mtDNA genomes and calibrating against recent evidence for the divergence based time of humans and chimpanzees. We focus on a time-dependent mutation rate based on the entire mtDNA genome and supported a by a neutral clock based on synonymous mutations alone. We show that the corrected rate is further corroborated by archaeological yields dating for the settlement of the Canary Islands and Remote Oceania and also, given certain phylogeographic assumptions, by the timing Remote of the first modern human settlement of Europe and resettlement after the Last Glacial Maximum. The corrected rate yields an age age of modern human expansion in the Americas at approximately 15 kya that-unlike the uncorrected clock-matches the archaeological evidence, but in continues to indicate an out-of-Africa dispersal at around 55-70 kya, 5-20 ky before any clear archaeological record, suggesting the need the for archaeological research efforts focusing on this time window. We also present improved rates for the mtDNA control region, and of the first comprehensive estimates of positional mutation rates for human mtDNA, which are essential for defining mutation models in phylogenetic We analyses. Am J Hum Genet. 2009 Jun 3;: 19500771 (P,S,G,E,B,D) [Cited?]Mitochondrial Haplogroup U5b3: A Distant Echo of the Epipaleolithic in Italy and the Legacy of the Early Sardinians. [My paper] Maria Pala, Alessandro Achilli, Anna Olivieri, Baharak Hooshiar Kashani, Ugo A Perego, Daria Sanna, Ene Metspalu, Kristiina Tambets, Erika Tamm, Matteo Accetturo, Valeria Carossa, Hovirag Lancioni, Fausto Panara, Bettina Zimmermann, Gabriela Huber, Nadia Al-Zahery, Francesca Brisighelli, Scott R Woodward, Paolo Francalacci, Walther Parson, Antonio Salas, Doron M Behar, Richard Villems, Ornella Semino, Hans-Jürgen Bandelt, Antonio Torroni Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy. There was are extensive data indicating that some glacial refuge zones of southern Europe (Franco-Cantabria, Balkans, and Ukraine) were major genetic sources continent for the human recolonization of the continent at the beginning of the Holocene. Intriguingly, there is no genetic evidence that modern the refuge area located in the Italian Peninsula contributed to this process. Here we show, through phylogeographic analyses of mitochondrial at DNA (mtDNA) variation performed at the highest level of molecular resolution (52 entire mitochondrial genomes), that the most likely homeland frequency for U5b3-a haplogroup present at a very low frequency across Europe-was the Italian Peninsula. In contrast to mtDNA haplogroups that a expanded from other refugia, the Holocene expansion of haplogroup U5b3 toward the North was restricted by the Alps and occurred 7,000-9,000 only along the Mediterranean coasts, mainly toward nearby Provence (southern France). From there, approximately 7,000-9,000 years ago, a subclade of U5b3 this haplogroup moved to Sardinia, possibly as a result of the obsidian trade that linked the two regions, leaving a ago, distinctive signature in the modern people of the island. This scenario strikingly matches the age, distribution, and postulated geographic source this of a Sardinian Y chromosome haplogroup (I2a2-M26), a paradigmatic case in the European context of a founder event marking both some female and male lineages. Anim Genet. 2009 May 6;: 19456314 (P,S,G,E,B,D) [Cited?]Cytochrome b sequences of ancient cattle and wild ox support phylogenetic complexity in the ancient and modern bovine populations. [My paper] F Stock, C J Edwards, R Bollongino, E K Finlay, J Burger, D G Bradley Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. Summary matrilinear Mitochondrial DNA has been the traditional marker for the study of animal domestication, as its high mutation rate allows for of the accumulation of molecular diversity within the time frame of domestic history. Additionally, it is exclusively maternally inherited and haplotypes Q. become part of the domestic gene pool via actual capture of a female animal rather than by interbreeding with wild P, populations. Initial studies of British aurochs identified a haplogroup, designated P, which was found to be highly divergent from all and known domestic haplotypes over the most variable portion of the D-loop. Additional analysis of a large and geographically representative sample of of aurochs from northern and central Europe found an additional, separate aurochs haplotype, E. Until recently, the European aurochs appeared formed to have no matrilinear descendants among the publicly available modern cattle control regions sequenced; if aurochs mtDNA was incorporated into appeared the domestic population, aurochs either formed a very small proportion of modern diversity or had been subsequently lost. However, a small haplogroup P sequence has recently been found in a modern sample, along with a new divergent haplogroup called Q. Here diversity we confirm the outlying status of the novel Q and E haplogroups and the modern P haplogroup sequence as a marker descendent of European aurochs, by retrieval and analysis of cytochrome b sequence data from twenty ancient wild and domesticated cattle small archaeological samples. Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. ;58 (4):212-7 19441695 (P,S,G,E,B) [Cited?][The application of minisequencing reactions for haplogroup assignment of mitochondrial DNA] [My paper] Patrycja Daca, Marta Mielnik, Urszula Rogalla, Katarzyna Skonieczna, Katarzyna Linkowska, Tomasz Grzybowski Katedry Medycyny Sadowej UMK w Toruniu, Collegium Medicum im. Ludwika Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy. In DNA. the last few years, one could observe an increased interest in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as a single result of their numerous applications in population genetics and forensic science. Continuous progress in molecular technologies together with an increasing forensic body of phylogenetic knowledge, based mainly on complete mitochondrial genome sequencing, allows both for selection and accurate typing of many together SNPs in mitochondrial DNA. Among the SNP typing techniques, due to its high sensitivity and promptness of determinations, minisequencing appears genome to be one of the fastest and most frequently applied methods in forensic laboratories. This review presents currently available minisequencing complete systems used for haplogroup assignment of mtDNA in European, East Asian and Native American populations. PLoS Genet. 2009 May ;5 (5):e1000474 19424428 (P,S,G,E,B,D) [Cited?]Ancient mtDNA genetic variants modulate mtDNA transcription and replication. [My paper] Sarit Suissa, Zhibo Wang, Jason Poole, Sharine Wittkopp, Jeanette Feder, Timothy E Shutt, Douglas C Wallace, Gerald S Shadel, Dan Mishmar Department of Life Sciences and National Institute of Biotechnology (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. Although transcript the functional consequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic backgrounds (haplotypes, haplogroups) have been demonstrated by both disease association studies and which cell culture experiments, it is not clear which of the mutations within the haplogroup carry functional implications and which are haplogroup "evolutionary silent hitchhikers". We set forth to study the functionality of haplogroup-defining mutations within the mtDNA transcription/replication regulatory region by experimentally in vitro transcription, hypothesizing that haplogroup-defining mutations occurring within regulatory motifs of mtDNA could affect these processes. We thus screened and >2500 complete human mtDNAs representing all major populations worldwide for natural variation in experimentally established protein binding sites and regulatory into regions comprising a total of 241 bp in each mtDNA. Our screen revealed 77/241 sites showing point mutations that could same be divided into non-fixed (57/77, 74%) and haplogroup/sub-haplogroup-defining changes (i.e., population fixed changes, 20/77, 26%). The variant defining Caucasian haplogroup vitro J (C295T) increased the binding of TFAM (Electro Mobility Shift Assay) and the capacity of in vitro L-strand transcription, especially background of a shorter transcript that maps immediately upstream of conserved sequence block 1 (CSB1), a region associated with RNA priming mtDNA of mtDNA replication. Consistent with this finding, cybrids (i.e., cells sharing the same nuclear genetic background but differing in their backgrounds mtDNA backgrounds) harboring haplogroup J mtDNA had a >2 fold increase in mtDNA copy number, as compared to cybrids containing but haplogroup H, with no apparent differences in steady state levels of mtDNA-encoded transcripts. Hence, a haplogroup J regulatory region mutation forth affects mtDNA replication or stability, which may partially account for the phenotypic impact of this haplogroup. Our analysis thus demonstrates,is for the first time, the functional impact of particular mtDNA haplogroup-defining control region mutations, paving the path towards assessing the each functionality of both fixed and un-fixed genetic variants in the mitochondrial genome. Hum Biol. 2008 Oct ;80 (5):565-71 19341323 (P,S,G,E,B) [Cited?]Mitochondrial haplogroup u2d phylogeny and distribution. [My paper] Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Maria Perkova, Tomas Vanecek From this link: lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:15632086
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 17, 2009 17:59:06 GMT -5
What about the male line--the Y haplogroup? As I'm convinced the U5 mtDNA is involved --the male line of research has only just begun. Many Blessings, CrystalRiver home.comcast.net/~philgoff/deepancestry.htmDEEP ANCESTRY OF I1A DYS19=16 CLUSTER HOME 10 December 2006 DISCUSSION OF DNA MATCHES BELOW: Y-chromosome DNA ("Y-DNA") testing is an incredible addition to the genealogy toolkit. Only males have a Y-chromosome. Like surnames, Y-DNA is typically passed, generally unchanged, from father to son. As such, Y-DNA is useful in proving relationships since the introduction of surnames. However, Y-DNA is also used in the study of ancient populations. The below families, compiled from various public databases containing nearly 100,000 records, belong to haplogroup I1a through their paternal lineage, as proven by a P40+ result on a SNP test. A haplogroup is a major branch of the modern human family tree. The theory is that one man who lived thousands of years ago was the founder of haplogroup I1a and his male line descendants still carry his Y-DNA. Haplogroup I1a accounts for only about 12% of all men of European descent and is generally restricted to northern Europe. Concentration of the DYS19=16 haplotype. Scandinavia based on YHRD Rel. 17 and England/Scotland based on academic studies. Red dots are in proportion to concentration of the haplotype in the population. Black dot for Orkdal, Norway is for reference only and not proportionately sized. The modal haplotype for haplogroup I1a is in the blue shaded area at the top of the table below. Y-DNA markers mutate or change values at different rates, with an average mutation rate of ~ 0.0025/generation. This means the average marker mutates about once every 400 generations. However, mutations happen randomly and always between father and son. The criteria for inclusion in the below group is a predicted I1a haplogroup with DYS19=16, a two-step mutation from the modal of 14. DYS19 has a slower-than-average mutation rate, with a single mutation expected only every 667 generations. Nearly all of the remaining mutations in the below families are in faster-mutating markers. The rarity of this haplotype and its tight geographic concentration lead to the theory that these families share a common ancestor who was born with the DYS19=16 mutation. This one man had was probably born in Scandinavia, where his male line descendants almost exclusively reside today, with the exception of the UK. Since men of many different surnames in the UK have this unique haplotype, the founder must have lived before the lived before the introduction of surnames in England in about 1400 AD. The I1a DYS19=16 families in England and Scotland likely came from Scandinavia as part of the Angle, Saxon and Jute invasions of the 5th - 6th century or during Viking invasions beginning in about 800 AD. The present-day location of DYS19=16 in Scandinavia is more consistent with the historical location of Vikings than Angles, Saxons and Jutes. The founder of DYS19=16 must have been lived after 10000 BC, when Scandinavia was finally free from the Ice Age. By evaluating the diversity of 21 extended haplotypes with DYS19=16 through the use of average squared difference calculations, it has been estimated that the common paternal line ancestor of was born about 1,400 years ago, or around 600AD. This sample size is small, but this relatively young age fits with a compact geography and low frequency in the population. Immediately below is a time-ordered phylogram of DNA participants with at least 25 markers who are estimated to be in haplogroup I1a and with DYS19=16. This chart was generously produced by L. David Roper, with some minor coloring and wording changes by me. The chart is produced by computer software that attempts to find the simplest connections between DNA signatures. It is akin to a family tree. As expected, the England/Scotland surnames are generally clustered together in recent times, reflecting a separation from Scandinavia dating to perhaps ca. 1000 AD. However, there are several England/Scotland clusters, hinting that multiple founders migrated from Scandinavia to England/Scotland. As more participants have 25 or markers tested, the precision of the tree can be improved. These families can be traced over the last several hundred years to Scandinavia and England/Scotland. I have corresponded with some, but not all, of the descendant DNA participants. From this correspondence, and other research, I have learned something about the origins of these families: SCANDINAVIA: Background on Surnames: Sweden: "Patronymic surnames were in constant use in rural Sweden and among day laborers in urban centers until the 1860's. At that time it became popular among these groups to adopt a family surname carried from one generation to the next. A lot of families then adopted a name connected to their home village or a name connected to nature. However, the majority just 'froze' their patronymic surname as their family name." ~ www.algonet.se/~hogman/Naming%20practice_eng.htmNorway: "[The] patronymic naming system was used in Norway up until about 1900. . . . [W]hile our ancestors may have added a farm name to their name, the farm name was not used as a surname, but rather as an address. As an example, . . . Jon Jonson . . . was born and raised on the Hanebrekke farm in Nordfjord, and he was therefore called Jon Jonson Hanebrekke. As an adult, however, he moved to the Føllesdal farm and was thereafter known as Jon Jonson Føllesdal." ~ homepages.rootsweb.com/~norway/na12.html. Samuelson - This family has a patronymic surname and can be traced to Johan Gunerus Samuelson (b. 1863 in Dalena, Sweden, per a family bible). This place has not been located on a modern map. Please help identify this location. The family came to America in 1884, moving from MI to WA to OR by 1905. Jamtaas - This surname derives from a farm name in Okdal, Sør Trodelag, Norway. Arnt Jamtaas (b 1853 Norway) seems to be the first in America, appearing in the 1880 Dunn Co., WI census. By the 1930 census, the family name appeared in MI, MN and WA. ~ See farm search engine at www.dokpro.uio.no/rygh_ng/rygh_form.html; historical records of this surname in Norway at www.kuijsten.de/navigator/norway/index.html and map of Sør Trondelag at www.nndata.no/home/jborgos/F16.htm. Krogdahl - This family can be traced by the descendant DNA participant to Okdal, Sør Trøndelag, Norway, also the location of the Jamtaas family. Markuson - This family has a patronymic surname and can be traced to Martin Markuson (1856 Norway - 1929 MN). Records indicate he was born in Soler, which has not been located on a map. Oien - The precise identity of this participant is not known. Oien is a Norwegian "gaardnavn" or place name, roughly translated as the farm on the plain near the water. YHRD Results - The modern-day concentration of this haplotype in Norway and Sweden is consistent with the historical origins of the families (i.e. Samuelson, Jamtaas, Markuson and Krogdahl) in this study. The concentration of this haplotype diminishes as one move farther away from Norway/Sweden. Rostock, Germany is in the extreme northeast of Germany, on the Baltic Sea, about 400 miles from Oslo, Norway. The precise location of the Finland result is not known, but its 0.3% frequency is consistent with its location in the outer bands of the epicenter of this haplotype in Norway/Sweden. The Oregon result may be explained by the large Swedish influx to Oregon beginning in the late 1880s. By 1910, Swedish-born residents accounted for 1.5% of the Oregon population. The YHRD result was from a segment of the modern-day Oregon population that identified themselves as being of European descent. ENGLAND/SCOTLAND: The matches in the genealogical databases include families that are presumed to come from England/Scotland based on indirect evidence (i.e. Goff, Beck, Power, Wooden, Stewart and Driggers). Others, such as Leishman, Lucas, Pine and Weston, are disbursed from Scotland to southwestern England. Curiously, there are no matching YHRD results in England or Scotland, even though the YHRD database has 1,290 records from the UK as of 31 May 2005 (Release 16). The below academic studies include information on the concentration of the DYS19=16 haplotype. The results are clustered in the western isles of Scotland, central England and southwestern England. While the below families from the genealogical databases generally match the locations identified in the academic studies, there is not a clear epicenter for DYS19=16 in England/Scotland. The haplotype may have entered England/Scotland at multiple points or been dispersed over time. Search on core slow-mutating markers: Ysearch Ybase GENEALOGY DATABASES: DYS # (all values reported using Family Tree DNA standards) Lab Earliest Known Ancestor/ Population for YHRD 3 9 3 3 9 0 1 9 3 9 1 3 8 5 a 3 8 5 b 4 2 6 3 8 8 4 3 9 3 8 9 i 3 9 2 3 8 9 ii 4 5 8 4 5 9 a 4 5 9 b 4 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 7 4 3 7 4 4 8 4 4 9 4 6 4 a 4 6 4 b 4 6 4 c 4 6 4 d 4 6 4 e 4 6 0 G A T A H 4 Y C A I I a Y C A I I b 4 5 6 6 0 7 5 7 6 5 7 0 C D Y a C D Y b 4 4 2 4 3 8 Mutation Rates (in %) .11 .44 .15 .32 .28 .28 .03 .04 .42 .22 .15 .26 .58 .12 .12 .03 .02 .39 .17 .24 .65 .35 .35 .35 .35 .35 .29 .30 .12 .12 .20 .55 .85 .85 .85 .85 .20 .10 I1a Modal Haplotype 13 22 14 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 28 12 14 15 16 10 10 19 21 14 14 16 18 35 36 12 10 SCANDINAVIA SMGF Gerhard Emmers 1815 Nordbrabrant, Netherlands - 1887 WI (x2) 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 8 8 11 22 16 20 28 12 12 14 14 10 10 19 21 14 14 10 SMGF Morrison 13 22 16 10 14 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 28 12 14 14 16 10 10 19 21 14 14 16 19 34 35 12 10 SMGF Niels Hansen 1722 Hjorring, Den 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 23 16 20 29 11 10 19 21 na 11 10 FTDNA Nermark, Norway 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 24 16 20 28 12 14 15 15 SMGF Olsen Rundquist 1835 Ostmark, Sweden 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 16 8 9 8 11 23 16 21 28 12 14 15 15 11 10 19 21 14 12 10 FTDNA Johan Gunerus Samuelson 1863 Sweden-1944 OR 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 16 8 9 8 11 24 16 20 29 12 14 14 15 10 11 19 21 14 14 16 18 35 38 11 10 ysearch Oien 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 16 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 30 12 14 14 15 FTDNA Christensen, Denmark 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 14 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 29 12 14 15 16 10 10 21 21 14 14 16 17 34 38 12 10 FTDNA Peterson, Norway 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 16 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 30 12 14 15 15 SMGF Anders Erichsen Hejer 1738 Tlmrk, Nrwy (x2) 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 16 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 29 10 11 19 21 14 11 10 SMGF Anders Anderson 1852 Sweden 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 16 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 29 12 14 15 15 10 11 19 21 14 11 10 FTDNA Siljubergsasen 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 16 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 30 12 14 15 15 10 11 19 21 14 14 16 15 35 39 11 10 FTDNA Fjeld, Norway 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 FTDNA Jamtaas, Orkdal, Norway 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 FTDNA Olaf Krogdahl, 1878 Orkdal, Norway 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 FTDNA Martin Markuson, 1856 Soler, Norway - 1929 MN 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 FTDNA Wänglund, Denmark? 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 FTDNA Holmqvist, Sweden 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 I1a Modal Haplotype 13 22 14 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 28 12 14 15 16 10 10 19 21 14 14 16 18 35 36 12 10 ENGLAND/SCOTLAND SMGF Williams 13 23 16 10 13 15 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 22 16 20 28 12 14 14 15 10 10 19 21 14 14 17 21 37 37 13 10 FTDNA Driggers, Barbados 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 22 16 20 28 12 14 15 15 10 10 19 21 14 14 17 18 35 36 13 10 FTDNA John Pine, 1681 Devon, England 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 22 16 19 30 12 14 16 17 10 10 19 22 14 14 18 21 36 39 12 10 FTDNA Gordon Pyne, Essex, England 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 22 16 19 29 12 14 16 17 FTDNA John Lucas 1796 Yorkshire, Eng (x 2) 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 16 8 9 8 11 22 16 20 30 12 14 14 15 15 FTDNA Samuel Bruster 1762-1833NY 13 22 16 10 14 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 16 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 28 12 14 15 17 10 10 19 21 15 14 18 19 34 39 13 10 FTDNA Ebenezer Bruster d 1774 Fincastle Va 13 22 16 10 14 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 16 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 28 12 14 15 17 10 10 19 21 15 14 18 20 35 39 13 10 SMGF Robert Leishman 1836 Renfrewshire Co., Scotland 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 16 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 28 12 14 15 16 10 10 19 21 14 12 10 SMGF John Leishman 1807 Sterlingshire Co., Scotland 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 16 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 28 12 14 15 15 10 10 19 21 14 12 10 SMGF Moses Packard 1540 Suffolk, Eng. (x3) 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 16 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 28 10 10 19 21 14 11 10 SMGF Richard Weston 1679 Somerset Co., Eng 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 24 16 20 30 12 13 13 15 10 10 20 21 14 12 10 FTDNA/DNAF "Father" Goff 1710 Eng? (x 6) 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 30 12 14 15 15 10 10 19 19 14 14 18 18 12 10 SMGF Harry Wesley Stewart 1867 Canada 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 29 12 14 15 15 11 11 19 21 14 12 11 SMGF Ezra Wooden 1751 NJ 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 29 12 14 15 15 10 11 19 21 14 12 10 RG Wooden 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 29 12 14 15 15 11 11 19 21 14 12 10 DNAH Wm Beck 1822 AL-1877 MS 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 23 16 20 29 12 14 15 15 11 11 19 21 14 12 10 FTDNA Jeffrey Beck 1810 SC-1860 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 FTDNA George Black 1833 - 1862 Aberdeen, Scotland 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 FTDNA James Power, New Kent Co., VA 13 22 16 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 ACADEMIC STUDIES: DYS # Study Geographic Area H G A R P O L U O P 3 9 3 3 9 0 1 9 3 9 1 3 8 5 a 3 8 5 b 4 2 6 3 8 8 4 3 9 3 8 9 i 3 9 2 3 8 9 ii I1a Modal Haplotype 13 22 14 10 13 14 11 14 11 12 11 28 SCANDINAVIA Rootsi Sweden, 8.3% (3/36) * I1a M253 13 22 16 10 14 11 YHRD Värmland, Sweden, 4.7% (2/43) 13 22 16 10 13 14 12 11 28 YHRD Uppsala, Sweden, 3.5% (2/57) 13 22 16 10 13 14 12 11 28 YHRD Sweden, 1.0% (4/405) 13 22 16 10 13 14 12 11 28 Karlsson Sweden, 1.0% (4/383): Värmland, 4.8% (2/42), Uppsala, 3.6% (2/55) I1a* M253 13 22 16 10 14K 13K 12 11 28 Helgason Norway, 7.3% (8/110) HG2 13 22 16 10 11 Rootsi Norwegian, 3.6% (1/28) * I1a M253 13 22 16 10 14 11 YHRD Oslo, Norway, 3.0% (1/33) 13 22 16 10 13 14 12 11 28 YHRD E. Norway, 2.4% (2/85) 13 22 16 10 13 14 12 11 28 Dupuy Norway, 1.4% (24/1766); Middle 2.8%; South 2.6%; North,1.9%; Oslo 1.8%; East 0.6% West 0.3% BR*(xDE,J,N3,P) 13 10 16 10 13 14 14 12 11 28 Weale Norway,1.2%, (1/83) HG2 13 22 16 10 14 11 Capelli Norway, 1.0% (2/201) IxIb2 M170 13 22 16 10 14 11 YHRD Oregon (European), 2.9% (1/35) 13 22 16 10 13 14 12 11 28 Helgason Iceland, 0.6% (1/181) HG2 13 22 16 10 13 14 14 12 11 28 YHRD Rostock, Germany 0.5% (1/203) 13 22 16 10 13 14 12 11 28 YHRD Finland, 0.3% (1/399) 13 22 16 10 13 14 12 11 28 ENGLAND/SCOTLAND Capelli Western Isles, Scotland, 4.5% (4/88) IxIb2 M170 13 22 16 10 14 11 Sykes Hebrides (Western Isles), Scotland, 4.1% (3/73) 13 22 16 10 12 11 28 Capelli Cornwall, Cornwall, England, 1.9% (1/52) IxIb2 M170 13 22 16 10 14 11 Weale Ashbourne, Derbyshire, Eng., 1.9% (2/54) HG2 13 22 16 10 14 11 Weale Southwell, Nottinghamshire, Eng, 1.4% (1/70) HG2 13 22 16 10 14 11 Capelli Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, England, 1.2% (1/84) IxIb2 M170 13 22 16 10 14 11 Skyes London, England, 0.7% (1/151) 13 22 16 10 11 14 12 11 28 Skyes Central England, 0.5% (1/193) 13 22 16 10 11 14 12 11 28 Helgason's Haplogroup 2 corresponds to haplogroups A, B, C, F, G, H, I, J and K in the standardized Y Chromosome Consortium nomenclature. Haplogroup IxIb2 corresponds to haplogroup I in the standardized Y Chromosome Consortium nomenclature. Weale's Haplogroup 2 corresponds to haplogroups B, F, G and I in in the standardized Y Chromosome Consortium nomenclature. Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden – A long-time perspective (karlsson et al, 2006) "Four major haplogroups (I1a*, R1b3, R1a1 and N3) accounted for 80% of the Swedish male lineages. The most common haplogroup was I1a*, to which 37% of the male lineages belonged. . . I1a* is the most common haplogroup in nearly all regions in Sweden. Within this haplogroup, the regions did not show any deviation among themselves except for the I1a* haplotypes found in Värmland. This region differed significantly from two Swedish regions and both the Saami and Österbotten I1a* lineages. No other Swedish region differed from the Saami or the Österbotten samples. No doubt Värmland’s population growth and rate of colonisation, which was outstanding between 1571 and 1751 and remaining considerable until the 1930s, compared to Sweden in general, could be a part of the explanation. In contrast to other parts of Sweden, as in the case of Västerbotten, Värmland was not affected by military conscription during the great wars. The mines and iron works, important for the war industry, attracted young workers from other parts of Sweden as well as foreigners (Germans, Wallons, Danes, Norwegians) and the landscape was colonized (partly by Finns). Still in the High Middle Ages, Värmland was something ‘between’ the emerging Swedish and Norwegian kingdoms." Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway (Dupuy et al, 2005) "The first traces of human life in Norway, based on archeological data, were found in bays and inlets dating from the earliest period after the coast was free of ice approximately 9000–10,500 years ago. . . . The population density has always been low and the population widespread, the latter partly because of the mountainous geography. Before the Black Death in 1349 and other epidemics that followed, the population size has been estimated to have been about 300,000 individuals. Only one-third to one-half of the population survived the epidemics." Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe (Rootsi et al, 2004) "Haplogroup I provides an exceptional record of European-specific paternal heritage, including pre-LGM differentiation followed by contraction, isolation, and subsequent post-LGM expansions and spread. Still, the wide CIs in the time estimates dictate caution in definitively linking the phylogeography of this haplogroup with known prehistoric and historic scenarios. Nonetheless, the I1a data in Scandinavia are consistent with a post-LGM recolonization of northwestern Europe from Franco-Cantabria. . . ." * Dr. Rootsi graciously provided me with the STR database, which was tested for haplogroup classification. A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles (Capelli et al, 2003) "Norwegian invaders were represented by two sites in western Norway (Bergen and Trondheim). . . .Similarly, haplotype 14 13 11 14 22 10 (hg IxI1b2) was recorded at 6%–7% in the Central-East English samples, but it was absent from Irish, Welsh, and Scottish populations." "... English and Scottish sites all have German/Danish influence, and that the Western Isles and Isle of Man have German/Danish influence, presumably due to English immigration." Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration (Weale et al, 2002) "Wilson et al. (2001) identified two haplotypes—(1) 2.47, and (2) 3.65 —that proved useful in inferring a Viking contribution to the Orcadian gene pool, although they noted that it might not be possible to distinguish 2.47 from an Anglo-Saxon contribution in other parts of Britain. We compared the frequencies found in the Central English, Frisian, and Norwegian samples of (1) the 2.47 and 3.65 haplotypes on their own, (2) these two haplotypes plus their one-step mutational neighbors, and (3) these two haplotypes plus their one-step networks (defined as all haplotypes within a sample connected to the named haplotype by a series of one-step mutations via observed intermediate haplotypes). As suggested by the results in the previous paragraph, in each case the frequency distribution in Central England more closely matched that in Friesland than that in Norway. Thus, neither of these two haplotypes provided any positive evidence of a (Norwegian) Viking contribution to the Central English gene pool that could not be explained by a substantial contribution originating in Friesland only." Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic Ancestry in the Male Settlers of Iceland (Helgason et al, 2000) "Figure 4 shows a tightly linked cluster of haplogroup-2 chromosomes with a preponderance of Scandinavian chromosomes and five haplotypes exhibiting substantial evolutionary divergence from the rest. . . . It is most likely that these haplotypes belong to one or more separate haplogroups that are not defined by the diallelic loci used this study. Although their divergence is appropriately represented in the network, the evolutionary pathway connecting these particular haplotypes to the rest of haplogroup 2 must be viewed as tentative. Notwithstanding this uncertainty, the pattern of haplotype sharing between populations reveals that . . . most of the haplogroup-2 chromosomes are found in both Scandinavians and Gaels, although seven chromosomes are shared exclusively by Icelanders and Scandinavians. Only one haplotype occurs at a higher frequency in Gaels than in Scandinavians. That it is one of the divergent haplotypes lends support to the idea that these haplotypes do not share a recent monophyletic origin with the rest of the haplogroup-2 chromosomes. . . . DYS385 allele sizes are consistent with the reconstructed phylogenies."
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 17, 2009 18:20:26 GMT -5
DNA Results "The Haplogroup I, I1, and I1a lineages are nearly completely restricted to northwestern Europe. These would most likely have been common within Viking populations. One lineage of this group extends down into central Europe." Spread of Haplogroups R1b, I and R1a (12,000 years ago) info source -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DNA Tip Jar Can you help the Shirley Association pay for certain critical DNA tests? FamilyTreeDNA provides a method for Shirleys to contribute small amounts of money toward the DNA research project. You might make a donation in memory of a loved one. Contributors are able to make donations online to the Shirley surname project at the FamilyTreeDNA website by credit card, PayPal, or by mail. Contribute to the Shirley DNA Project here Haplogroup I "Haplogroup I, sometimes referred to as the "Viking" haplotype, found in Scandanavia and parts of Ireland, Scotland, and England, where it's thought to denote descent from the Viking invaders of England, Scotland and Ireland. The ancestors of Haplogroup I (defined by the M170 genetic marker) arrived from the Middle East 20,000 to 25,000 years ago and are associated with the Gravettian culture. Gravettian is the second subdivision of the Upper Paleolithic technological phase in western Europe (from 27,000 to 21,000 years ago). Haplogroup I is most frequent in central Eastern Europe and also occurs in Basques and Sardinians. Gravettian culture A phase (c.28,000-23,000 ya) of the European Upper Paleolithic that is characterized by a stone-tool industry with small pointed blades used for big-game hunting (bison, horse, reindeer and mammoth). It is divided into two regional groups: the western Gravettian, mostly known from cave sites in France, and the eastern Gravettian, with open sites of specialized mammoth hunters on the plains of central Europe and Russia. Some early examples of cave art and the famous 'Venus' figurines were made by Gravettian artists." Source: The information on haplotypes comes from various DNA sites on the web. More at this link: www.shirleyassociation.com/NewShirleySite/DNA/haplotype_I.html
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 19, 2009 10:41:17 GMT -5
Who is Cro-Magnon? By presenting this I am simply looking--not solid yet on anything. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro_MagnonFor other uses, see Cro-Magnon (disambiguation). Skull of a Cro-Magnon individual, Musée de l'Homme, ParisThe term Cro-Magnon (pronounced /kroʊˈmæɡnən/, French [kʀomaɲɔ̃]) refers to one of the main types of early modern humans of the European Upper Paleolithic. Current dating of Cro-Magnon bones point to more recent date 17,000 years. The earliest known remains of Cro-Magnon like humans are dated to 30,000 radiocarbon years. The name is taken from the cave of Crô-Magnon in southwest France, where the first specimen was found. The Cro-Magnon term falls outside the usual naming conventions for early humans and is often used in a general sense to describe the oldest modern people in Europe, while remaining, anthropologically speaking, a specific (but very frequent) subtype among the fossil remains. In recent scientific literature the term "European early modern humans" is used instead. The oldest definitely dated European early modern humans (EEMH) specimen [1] with modern and archaic, possibly Neanderthal, mosaic of traits is Oase 1 from 34,000–36,000 14C years ago.[2] Contents [hide] 1 Assemblages and specimens 1.1 Cro-Magnon 1 1.2 Oase 1 1.3 Other 2 Cro-Magnon life 3 Genetics 4 See also 5 References [edit] Assemblages and specimens The geologist Louis Lartet discovered the first five skeletons of this type in March 1868 in the Cro-Magnon rock shelter. Other specimens have since come to light in other parts of Europe and neighboring areas. [edit] Cro-Magnon 1 Female Cro-Magnon skull Male Cro-Magnon skullCro-Magnon 1 was discovered in rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France. The type specimen from this find is Cro-Magnon 1 dated 28,000 years BP[3](27.680±270 BP). The skeletons showed the same high forehead, upright posture and slender (gracile) skeleton as modern humans. The condition and placement of the remains of Cro-Magnon 1 along with pieces of shell and animal tooth in what appears to have been pendants or necklaces raises the question of whether they were buried intentionally. If Cro-Magnons buried their dead intentionally it suggests they had a knowledge of ritual, by burying their dead with necklaces and tools, or an idea of disease and that the bodies needed to be contained.[4] Analysis of the pathology of the skeletons shows that the humans of this period led a physically difficult life. In addition to infection, several of the individuals found at the shelter had fused vertebrae in their necks, indicating traumatic injury; the adult female found at the shelter had survived for some time with a skull fracture. As these injuries would be life threatening even today, this suggests that Cro-Magnons believed in community support and took care of each others' injuries.[4] [edit] Oase 1 The oldest EEMH remains are from Peştera cu Oase near the Iron Gates in the Danubian corridor. Oase 1 holotype revealed specific traits combining a variety of archaic Homo, derived early modern humans, and possibly Neanderthal features. Modern human attributes place it close to European early modern humans among Late Pleistocene samples. The fossil belongs to the few findings in Europe which could be directly dated and is considered the oldest known early modern human fossil from Europe. Two laboratories independently yielded collagen 14C averaging to 34,950, +990, and –890 B.P.[5] The Oase 1 mandible was discovered February 16, 2002. [edit] Other Cro-Magnon, remains of Grimaldi, found at MonacoAll EEMH dates are direct fossil dates provided in 14C years B.P. [6] Kostenki 1 = 32,600 ± 1,100. tibia and fibula[6][7][8] Mladeč = 31 k 14C years[9], Mladeč 2 = 31,320 +410, -390 [6] Mladeč 9a = 31,500 +420, -400 [6] Mladeč 8 = 30,680 +380, -360 [6] Muierii 2 = 30,150 ± 800, cranial and postcranial remains [6] Cioclovina 1 = 29,000 ± 700, cranium [6][10] Kent's Cavern 4 > 30,900 ± 900 [6] Not direct dates. Radiocarbon dated were elements from adjacent layers. Les Roisà Mouthiers << 32 k [6] La Quina Aval ≈ max 33 - 32 k (juvenile partial mandible)[6] Calendar years Abrigo do Lagar Velho 24 k [11]. Other sites, assemblages or specimens: Brassempouy, La Rochette, Vogelherd. Engis, Hahnöfersand, St. Prokop, Velika Pećina [12] [edit] Cro-Magnon life Cave painting from Lascaux, France dated to approximately 16,000 years ago (Upper Paleolithic).Cro-Magnon were anatomically modern, only differing from their modern day descendants in Europe by their more robust physiology and slightly larger cranial capacity.[13] Of modern nationalities, Finns are closest to Cro-Magnons in terms of anthropological measurements.[14] Surviving Cro-Magnon artifacts include huts, cave paintings, carvings and antler-tipped spears. The remains of tools suggest that they knew how to make woven clothing. They had huts, constructed of rocks, clay, bones, branches, and animal hide/fur. These early humans used manganese and iron oxides to paint pictures and may have created the first calendar around 15,000 years ago[15]. The flint tools found in association with the remains at Cro-Magnon have associations with the Aurignacian culture that Lartet had identified a few years before he found the skeletons. Qafzeh humans seem to have coexisted with Neanderthals for up to 60,000 years in the Levant[16] although Qafzeh are logical representative for subsaharan Africans but not for Cro-Magnon and subsequent Europeans[17]. Earlier studies[18] argue for more than 15,000 years of Neanderthal and EEMH coexistence in France[19]; newer for east-west cline of patterns between Neanderthals and EEMH. Additionally the observed reversal of Châtelperronian over Aurignacian cultures may be mistaken conclusion based on interstratified paleo-layers, or layers of sediments disrupted by earlier quasi scientific digs in cave.[20] [edit] Genetics A 2003 sequencing on two Cro-Magnons, 23 and 24,000 years old Pelosi 1 and 2, mitochondrial DNA, published by an Italo-Spanish research team led by David Caramelli, identified the mtDNA as Haplogroup N.[21] Haplogroup N is found among modern populations of the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia, and its descendant haplogroups are found among modern North African, Eurasian, Polynesian and Native American populations.[22] [edit] See also List of fossil sites (with link directory) List of human evolution fossils Neanderthal interaction with Cro-Magnons Earth's Children, a series of historical fiction novels written by Jean M. Auel, taking place in ancient Europe The Inheritors, a 1955 novel by William Golding about the extinction of Homo Neanderthalensis through conflict with Cro Magnon civilisation The Man from Earth, a 2007 motion picture in which a self-described Cro-Magnon reveals himself to his closest friends [edit] References ^ Trinkaus, E (April 2004). "European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (18): 7367–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702214104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 17452632. PMC 1863481. www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17452632. ^ Trinkaus, E; Moldovan, O; Milota, S; Bîlgăr, A; Sarcina, L; Athreya, S; Bailey, Se; Rodrigo, R; Mircea, G; Higham, T; Ramsey, Cb; Van, Der, Plicht, J (Sep 2003). "An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (20): 11231–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 14504393. PMC 208740. www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14504393. ^ [1] ^ a b Museum of Natural History ^ Trinkaus, E; Moldovan, O; Milota, S; Bîlgăr, A; Sarcina, L; Athreya, S; Bailey, Se; Rodrigo, R; Mircea, G; Higham, T; Ramsey, Cb; Van, Der, Plicht, J (Sep 2003). "An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (20): 11231–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 14504393. PMC 208740. www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14504393. ""When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0.15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and –890 B.P."". ^ a b c d e f g h i j Higham, T; Ramsey, Cb; Karavanić, I; Smith, Fh; Trinkaus, E (Jan 2006). "Revised direct radiocarbon dating of the Vindija G1 Upper Paleolithic Neandertals" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (3): 553–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510005103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 16407102. PMC 1334669. www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16407102. ^ Anikovich, Mv; Sinitsyn, Aa; Hoffecker, Jf; Holliday, Vt; Popov, Vv; Lisitsyn, Sn; Forman, Sl; Levkovskaya, Gm; Pospelova, Ga; Kuz'Mina, Ie; Burova, Nd; Goldberg, P; Macphail, Ri; Giaccio, B; Praslov, Nd (Jan 2007). "Early Upper Paleolithic in Eastern Europe and implications for the dispersal of modern humans". Science (New York, N.Y.) 315 (5809): 223–6. doi:10.1126/science.1133376. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17218523. ^ [http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~lchang/material/Evolutionary/Time%20out%20of%20Africa.pdf|pdf ^ Wild, Em; Teschler-Nicola, M; Kutschera, W; Steier, P; Trinkaus, E; Wanek, W (May 2005). "Direct dating of Early Upper Palaeolithic human remains from Mladec". Nature 435 (7040): 332–5. doi:10.1038/nature03585. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15902255. www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~lchang/material/Evolutionary/Time%20out%20of%20Africa.pdf. ^ Harvati et al., ʺThe Partial Cranium from Cioclovina, Romania: Morphological Affinities of an Early Modern Europeanʺ2007? ^ Cidalia Duarte, Joao Mauricio, Paul B. Pettitt, Pedro Souto, Erik Trinkaus, Hans van der Plicht and Joao Zilhao (Jun. 22, 1999). "The Early Upper Paleolithic Human Skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and Modern Human Emergence in Iberia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (13): 7604-7609. PMC 22133. anaconda.ub.rug.nl/misc/ESI4CvD/Gronigen.PNAS.pdf. ^ Higham, T.; Ramsey, B.; Karavanić, I.; Smith, H.; Trinkaus, E. (Jan 2006). "Revised direct radiocarbon dating of the Vindija G1 Upper Paleolithic Neandertals" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (3): 553–557. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510005103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 16407102. PMC 1334669. www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16407102. edit ^ "Cro-Magnon". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. www.britannica.com/eb/article-9027935. ^ Niskanen, Markku. The Origin of the Baltic-Finns from the Physical Anthropological Point of View. www.mankindquarterly.org/samples/niskanenbalticcorrected.pdf. ^ according to a claim by Michael Rappenglueck, of the University of Munich (2000) [2] ^ Ofer Bar-Yosef & Bernard Vandermeersch, Scientific American, April 1993, 94-100 ^ Cro-Magnon and Qafzeh — Vive la Difference ; C Loring Brace; Dental antrophology; Vol 10 Nr 6, 1996 pdf ^ Mellars, P (Feb 2006). "A new radiocarbon revolution and the dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia". Nature 439 (7079): 931–5. doi:10.1038/nature04521. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16495989. ^ Gravina, B; Mellars, P; Ramsey, Cb (Nov 2005). "Radiocarbon dating of interstratified Neanderthal and early modern human occupations at the Chatelperronian type-site". Nature 438 (7064): 51–6. doi:10.1038/nature04006. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16136079. ^ Zilhão, J; D'Errico, F; Bordes, Jg; Lenoble, A; Texier, Jp; Rigaud, Jp (Aug 2006). "Analysis of Aurignacian interstratification at the Chatelperronian-type site and implications for the behavioral modernity of Neandertals" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (33): 12643–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605128103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 16894152. PMC 1567932. www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16894152. ^ Caramelli, D; Lalueza-Fox, C; Vernesi, C; Lari, M; Casoli, A; Mallegni, F; Chiarelli, B; Dupanloup, I; Bertranpetit, J; Barbujani, G; Bertorelle, G (May 2003). "Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (11): 6593–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.1130343100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 12743370. PMC 164492. www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12743370. ^ www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html [hide]v • d • ePart of the series
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 19, 2009 10:46:02 GMT -5
Is Cro-Magnon the same as Neanderthal and what of modern day humans? www.realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/cro_magnon_Homo_sapien.htmA note to avoid confusion: It is a common misconception that Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon were the forerunners of Modern Man. Actually Modern Man is much older than both of them. Accordingly, Modern man and the Humanoids are presented here, in the correct chronological order. A note on the confusing terminology that follows: Originally Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon were not classed as Sapien (Wise). This designation was reserved for "us" Modern man. However, subsequent re-thinking by some - perhaps with other than scientific agendas, caused these two early Humanoids to be re-classed as Sapien. Thus they became Homo-sapien neanderthalensis, and Homo-sapien Cro-Magnonensis, that leaves Modern Man with the really screwy name "Homo-sapien-sapien" (Man the Wise Wise?). Though we do understand that the elevation of Cro-magnon and Neanderthal to Sapien status, does solve a great many problems - none related to science though. However, the current move to place Cro-magnon with modern man as "Homo-sapien-sapien", is really taking it too far, and it is pointless, as science proves, Caucasians did NOT evolve from Cro-Magnons in Europe. Neanderthal Now lets look at Neanderthal, he was an "in-between" form of Homo-sapien - less advanced than Modern man, but more advanced than Homo-Erectus. He inhabited much of Europe and the Mediterranean lands during the late Pleistocene Epoch, (about 100,000 to 30,000 years ago). Neanderthal remains have also been found in the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia. The name Neanderthal, derives from the discovery in 1856 of the remains of this Humanoid in a cave above the Neander Valley in Germany, not far from Düsseldorf. The last Glacial Ice stage in Europe was about 10,000 to 70,000 years ago, and it is from those times that the most numerous skeletal remains of Neanderthals have been found. These have given us some idea of Neanderthals body-type and habits. Neanderthals were short, stout, and powerful in build. Cranial capacity equaled or surpassed that of modern humans, though their braincases were long, low, and wide and flattened behind. Their faces had heavy brow ridges, large teeth, and small cheekbones. The chest was broad, and the limbs were heavy, with large feet and hands. The Neanderthals appear to have walked in a more irregular, side-to-side fashion than do modern humans. Neanderthals were the first human group to survive in northern latitudes during the cold (glacial) phases of the Pleistocene. They had domesticated fire, as indicated by concentrations of charcoal and reddened earth in their sites. Yet, their hearths were simple and shallow and must have cooled off quickly, giving little warmth throughout the night. Not surprisingly, they exhibit anatomic adaptations to cold, especially in Europe, such as large body cores and relatively short limbs, which maximize heat production and minimize heat loss. Neanderthals were cave dwellers, although they occasionally built camps out in the open. They wore clothing, used fire, hunted small and medium-sized animals (like goats and small deer), and they scavenged from the kills of large carnivores. They made and used a variety of stone tools and wooden spears. Neanderthals intentionally buried their dead, both individually and in groups, and they also cared for sick or injured individuals. Evidence of ritualistic treatment of animals, which is sometimes found with their skeletons, may indicate that they practiced a primitive form of religion. Evidence from a few sites indicate that Neanderthals coexisted for several thousand years with Modern Humans; who arrived in Europe at about 45,000 B.C, and Cro-Magnons, who arrived in Europe by 35,000 B.C. The origins of Neanderthals cannot be established with any certainty. The forerunners of Neanderthal humanoids may date to some 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. Some skull fragments found in France are of that age, but they have characteristics more like modern Homo sapiens. And so it may be, that this is where we see the first evidence of modern man (modern man first shows up at about 400,000 years ago, and is much older than Neanderthal); cross-breeding with Humanoids, in this case Homo-Erectus - who still existed as late as 300,000 B.C. Thus producing the hybrid "Neanderthal". Please take special note: The proclivity of ALL Humans to mate with whoever is available, is ingrained and pervasive. The activity of cross-breeding will eventually account for the introduction of all the modern worlds races and ethnicity's. It was thought that Neanderthals anatomic adaptations to cold had brought about a lightning of the skin, and thus played a part in the evolution of White people. But scientific studies indicate that modern White people, show no genetic evidence of admixture with Neanderthals. It now appears that their evolution was much simpler and more direct. Click here for the working theory on the evolution of White people >>>
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 19, 2009 11:25:08 GMT -5
anthro.palomar.edu/vary/vary_3.htmThe A blood allele is somewhat more common around the world than B. About 21% of all people share the A allele. The highest frequencies of A are found in small, unrelated populations, especially the Blackfoot Indians of Montana (30-35%), the Australian Aborigines (many groups are 40-53%), and the Lapps, or Saami people, of Northern Scandinavia (50-90%). The A allele apparently was absent among Central and South American Indians.
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 19, 2009 15:20:03 GMT -5
So is the Saami people included in the Finno-Ugric languages? Next post you will see--- users.cwnet.com/millenia/Sumer-origins.htmipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languagesThe origin of the Sumerians and the great flood Alfred Hamori Copyright All rights reserved by Alfred Hamori, August 16, 2004 Introduction The story of the great flood as told in the Bible originated from the ancient Sumerians, who settled in early Mesopotamia and whose legends and mythologies greatly influenced the subsequent civilizations of that area. The later versions of the stories were retold by early Mesopotamian cultures right down to the time of the writing of the Bible after 1000BC. These versions all tell a very similar story. The stories of the flood, paradise or Eden, and the creation of man. These stories also tell pieces of the puzzle about the origin of the Sumerians, who were a forgotten people until the late 19th century when their writing was discovered and decyphered. These various myths and legends also include information about the location and time that the last great flood occurred which gave rise to these stories. There is no evidence however of a single huge flood, which covered all the mountains of the world, only many stories from throughout the world of great floods, which decimated humanity in the distant past and changed the map of the world in the process. The ideas about the cause and consequences of the flood which forced the migration of the Sumerians, who passed these story onto the later cultures of early Mesopotamia can be grouped into the following sections of this essay. 1) The pole shift and the resulting end of the ice age (10,000 BC) 2) The freezing of the old homelands, as told in Sumerian, FinnUgor and Iranic myths. (10,000BC) 3) Search for the last major flood at the Black Sea basin (5,500 BC) 4) The traditional length of the shortest and longest days . 5) The legend of Gilgamesh, who searches for the immortal flood hero, in the north. [2,500BC] 6)The Sumerian & Biblical Paradise myths and Eden. 7) Pre-Sumerian writing found in an Eastern European outpost, from 4,500BC. 8) The Dilmun controversy about the southern origin of the Sumerians. 9) Clues from the names the Sumerian's called themselves and their country. 10) Clues in Antropology are not conclusive. 11) A short introduction to the Sumerian Language and mythology. 12) The main Sumerian gods and goddesses and the explanation of their names The pole shift and the resulting end of the ice age
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Nov 19, 2009 15:26:33 GMT -5
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languagesThe Finno-Ugric subfamily of the Uralic languages has the following members: Ugric (Ugrian) Hungarian Hungarian Ob Ugric (Ob Ugrian) Khanty (Ostyak) Mansi (Vogul) Finno-Permic (Permian-Finnic) Permic (Permian) Komi (Komi-Zyrian, Zyrian) Komi-Permyak Udmurt (Votyak) Finno-Volgaic (Finno-Cheremisic, Finno-Mari, Volga-Finnic) Mari (Cheremisic) Mari (Cheremis) Mordvinic (Mordvin, Mordvinian, Mordva) Erzya Moksha Extinct Finno-Volgaic languages of uncertain position Merya (position uncertain, extinct) Meshcherian (position uncertain, extinct) Muromian (position uncertain, extinct) Sami (Samic, Saamic, Lappic, Lappish) Western Sami (Western Samic) Southern Sami Ume Sami — Nearly extinct Lule Sami Pite Sami — Nearly extinct Northern Sami Eastern Sami (Eastern Samic) Kemi Sami — Extinct Inari Sami Akkala Sami — Extinct Kildin Sami Skolt Sami Ter Sami — Nearly extinct Baltic-Finnic (Balto-Finnic, Balto-Fennic, Finnic, Fennic) Estonian South Estonian (including Mulgi and Tartu) Võro (Voro, Võru, Voru; including Seto or Setu) Finnish - including Meänkieli (also known as Tornedalen or Tornedalian Finnish), Kven and Ingrian Finnish Ingrian (Izhorian) - Nearly extinct Karelian Karelian proper Lude (Ludic, Ludian) Olonets Karelian (Livvi, Aunus, Aunus Karelian, Olonetsian) Livonian (Liv) — Nearly extinct Veps (Vepsian) Votic (Votian, Vod) — Nearly extinct
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Mar 10, 2010 13:39:53 GMT -5
Swear I already did this---the first one was better--- The movie fringe points to a psychopath who turns his sights on the heroine--Olivia--researched the show and came up with a Viking Warrior--turned King---- here is the info I discoverd: www.thesweetscience.com/boxing-article/2541/holyfield-ignores-lesson-king-canute/Legend states that Viking King, Canute the Great, once sat on the medieval seashores of England, resplendently robed atop his thrown and commanded the rising tide to “go back.” As the waves lapped around his ankles, Canute, a wise king and astute politician, used the exercise to illustrate that though the deeds of kings may seem great to the minds of men, they were nothing in the face of God’s power. -------------------------------------------- 'King Canute' holding back the rising nucleotide likely refers to "Canute The Great," who ruled Norway, Britain and Denmark one thousand years ago with heavy-handed tactics. fringepedia.net/wiki/Ability ZFT manuscript is mentioned and possibly real--still looking the drug used to open her pineal gland is Corexiphan--looks to be created (not real). LSD does this though something to remember. Is also important to note that this drug was delivered through a spinal tap---was myself and prevenge that mentioned a strange event on the table during spinal taps we received. A nurse told me I was given something that they weren't supposed to give me--never followed through--was fighting for my life and my daughters at the time. fringepedia.net/wiki/CortexiphanAlso one of the main character is William Bell--ever hear of Bell Labs--know they were supporting Dr. Randy Wymore for a time--very strange history surrounds this entity--Bell Labs. -------------------------------------------------------------- www.viking.no/e/people/e-knud.htmFrom Viking warrior to English king - Canute (Knud) The Great 'THE KING WHO COULD NOT STOP THE SEA BUT STEMMED THE VIKING TIDE ON ENGLAND'S SHORES' Written for The Viking Network by Barrie Markham Rhodes Canute the politician "Let all men know how empty and worthless is the power of kings. For there is none worthy of the name but God, whom heaven, earth and sea obey". So spoke King Canute the Great, the legend says, seated on his throne on the seashore, waves lapping round his feet. Canute had learned that his flattering courtiers claimed he was "So great, he could command the tides of the sea to go back". Now Canute was not only a religious man, but also a clever politician. He knew his limitations - even if his courtiers did not - so he had his throne carried to the seashore and sat on it as the tide came in, commanding the waves to advance no further. When they didn't, he had made his point that, though the deeds of kings might appear 'great' in the minds of men, they were as nothing in the face of God's power. Canute the Viking Who was this man, who started his adult life as a Viking warrior and went on to become the ruler of an empire which, at its height, included England, Denmark, Norway and part of Sweden? Canute (who is known as Knud in Denmark and Knut in Norway) was the son of Svein Forkbeard Canute's grandfather was Harald Bluetooth and his great-grandfather was King Gorm. In England, in the year 1000, the Saxon King Aethelred plundered the Isle of Man and parts of The Danelaw, to try to crush the independently-minded Scandinavians living there. Aethelred always feared a resurgence of Viking power in England. In 1002 he married Emma, sister of Duke Richard of Normandy. This marriage was probably a 'political' one. But Aethelred's fear of the Scandinavians caused him to make a serious mistake. In the year of his marriage to Emma, perhaps feeling more secure in his new links with the Norman ruling dynasty, he ordered the massacre of all 'Danish' men in England. Svein Forkbeard's sister and his brother-in-law, Pallig, were amongst those killed and this brought Svein to England to avenge their deaths. Svein raided south and east England throughout the years 1003 and 1004, but took his army back to Denmark in 1005 when they could no longer support themselves because of a great famine in England. Svein carried out many more raids for several years after this, extracting vast amounts of silver as 'Danegeld'. In 1013 he returned with his son Canute, for a different purpose. This time he intended to conquer England. Though he landed his forces in southern England, he made The Danelaw his first objective, probably recognising that, being 'Scandinavian' in character, this province would accept him without too much resistance. He went on to conquer the rest of the country and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that "...all the nation regarded him as full king". Aethelred fled to Normandy. Svein, though, died the next year and Aethelred saw a chance to regain his kingdom. He returned from Normandy and managed to expel Svein's army, now under Canute's leadership. Canute the king In 1016 Canute returned and was victorious at the Battle of Ashingdon (Ashingdown) over Edmund 'Ironside', Aethelred's eldest son and successor. Canute and Edmund drew up the Treaty of Olney, which allotted The Danelaw and the English midlands to Canute, while Edmund retained control of southern England. This was almost a repeat of what had happened between King Alfred the Great of Wessex and the Vikings in the ninth century. Edmund died shortly after this treaty and so Canute found himself the first Viking king of all England. In 1017 Canute married Aethelred's widow, Emma. But her two sons by her first marriage remained in Normandy (which was to have far-reaching consequences for England later). Emma had two children by Canute, Harthacnut and Gunhild. Canute was a Christian and very religious-minded. However, this did not stop him having an English mistress, Aelfgifu, who bore him two sons, Harald and Svein A VIiking empire emerges Canute's brother, Harald, King of Denmark, died in 1018 and Canute went to Denmark to secure his hold over that realm. Two years later, Canute started to lay claim to Norway, eventually capturing it and putting his son Svein and his mistress Aelfgifu to govern it. Scotland also submitted to Canute and, by the late 1020s, Canute was able to claim to be 'king of all England, and of Denmark, of the Norwegians, and part of the Swedes'. Canute was anxious to consolidate political unity in England and, as part of his drive towards this, he razed some of the burghs which had been created to defend southern England against The Danelaw Vikings, and vice versa. It is thought that defensive walls and ditches at Cricklade, Lydford, South Cadbury and Wareham were destroyed as part of this move. Canute's achievements Most people think of Canute in connection with the story about him commanding the tide to halt. But he should be remembered for more than this. He was perhaps the first king to successfully rule over a truly united realm of England, free from internal and external strife and unrest. Because he also ruled the Viking homelands, he was able to protect England against attacks, maintaining twenty years of badly-needed peace during which trade, Anglo-Scandinavian art and Christianity were able to flourish. Canute had great respect for the old English laws, to which he brought a keen sense of justice and a regard for individual rights. As part of his promotion of himself as an 'English' king, he did penance for the wrongdoings of his Viking forefathers, building churches and making many generous gifts to others. The passing of Canute and the Viking empire Canute died in 1035, a relatively young man by today's measure, aged about forty. He was buried in Winchester, the former capital of the Saxon kingdom of Wessex and a town where he was often in residence. Canute's sons, unfortunately, were not made of the same stuff as their father so, on his death, the Anglo-Scandinavian empire he had acquired began to break up. Aelfgifu's son, Harald, became king of England but died in 1040. Harthacnut then ruled for only two years before he, too, died, leaving behind little to remember him by other than the huge taxes he imposed. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle said of him, "He did nothing worthy of a king as long as he ruled". None of Canute's children produced any heirs and it was one of Emma's sons by Aethelred, Edward (later to be known as 'the Confessor'), who returned from Normandy to ascend to the English throne in 1042. ------------------------------- PS check out the date--looks like a gene--eh? CR
|
|
brim
Junior Member
Posts: 83
|
Post by brim on Mar 10, 2010 15:47:35 GMT -5
The spinal tap angle is interesting. I've pondered this possibility myself, as I've had at least 20 spinal taps performed on me. A number of these taps were followed by injections of contrast fluid.
Hm.
Brim
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Mar 11, 2010 11:01:30 GMT -5
Hi Brim,
Is interesting isn't it---Prevenge had mentioned at one point in time that there was an anestisiologist that was there doing a surgery and the guy freaked him out. He appeared from what Prevenge stated to resemble one I also dealt with.
Nazi looking as it were-----was one of the times in my life I wanted to run---was like he waited to say something until I couldn't move---something very odd about this character from the get go. Move forward in time about a year---living in a condo a couple miles from my previous home--just moving in (didn't bring much).
Some guy barges in--brings half a pizza; someone had already eaten part of it--just happens to be the new anestisiologist at the hospital. Says he wants to date me---was apparently looking into my window from remarks made--total freak is what I thought. I was polite but dumped the pizza as soon as he walked out the door --than covered the windows with aluminum foil. My car was tampered with shortly after this event--was it him--my ex--I don't know.
What I know is that I am going 55 mph down the road and the hood flips open--slammed into the windshield and broke it--I was short of a few feet of going off a very high embankment.
During this point in time--I was working--treating myself, going to the library and sleeping. Someone was always watching--you can feel it.
Back to the spinal tap thought----
I've thought about a survey--problem is there are those that are here now that would wish to skew the information. Survey's are difficult for that reason. Marc Neumann had a survey on his site--site well done but really disagreed with much of his findings.
Don't think he had looked far enough--reminded me to much of body bugs; which my research has suggested was similar to what happened in the AID's epidemic--was first but was not the problem--that is a misdirection.
Point is ---if you place a survey on a website discussing a condition that many don't want discussed--you won't get anything close to the truth--survey's, polls--basic bs that helps to make people choose the way those controlling things wish.
pinpointing Morgellons to one event will never play out--my thoughts and others--is that this is more of a Russian Doll type condition--one that evolves/morphs with the insertion of more chemicals and possibly electricity--who knows what the triggers could be--is a real soup that is for sure.
Mix in a bit of mind control--a word not usually stated---could have an activation affect---just thinking.
You have any ideas on how we could ask people, Brim--get a true understanding of this possibility as one component of this condition?
CR
|
|
brim
Junior Member
Posts: 83
|
Post by brim on Mar 12, 2010 8:31:55 GMT -5
I wish I had been on the receiving end of the exclusive attentions of any of my anesthesiologist. I might actually have been a lot better off had they paid any attention at all - ! As to the possible value of a survey on "spinal taps": A spinal tap is performed when the epidural is punctured, and spinal fluid is extracted from the spinal cord. An extraction of spinal fluid will typically serve the following purposes: a) To examine the fluid for infections, for example to establish if a person has meningitis. b) To make room for injection of other agents into the spinal cord, such as contrast fluid or anesthetics. In this instance, the spinal fluid itself is of no particular interest, but some of it has to be removed when other substances are added, so as to keep the pressure on the brain below a certain level. I can't see that a straight forward removal of anything, like spinal fluid, from our bodies would be suspicious in this context. It is rather be the adding or injecting of "something" that might be of relevance, but in as much as contrast fluids, anesthetics etc. can be administered in a range of different ways other than by spinal puncture, it is unlikely that this particular procedure would carry any significance on its own. It would be the what, i.e. the contrast fluids, anesthetics, etc. themselves, that would be of primary interest to scrutinize. Brim
|
|
|
Post by crystalriver on Mar 12, 2010 12:45:14 GMT -5
Hey Brim--careful what you ask for--attention isn't always what it is cracked up to be, hehehe!
As you stated it is less likely important as to what they took out as what was inserted. This can and has been achieved in so many ways--so to think one could focus on a single incident is as I have stated before--a dizzing moment.
I think that is the reason I chose instead of looking for what it is--specifically as I do believe there are variations--I instead focused on who and why. Many have looked for what and few speak of who and why. Does everyone have the components now in their blood stream--I suggest so. Yet, there are those whose bodies stand up and scream--wait just one minute.
You have invaded a body that is already inhabited --get out! Than come the lesions---
This group of people with Morgs symptoms are those that must have seen this before--a recognition takes place at a DNA level; the mental logic level comes later.
Over and over--I see scifi movies with two substances--it was that the colors always seemed the same--blue and red. Yes, there are other shows with different substances--different colors.
Yet, a large percentage has a red and blue liquid--why? Is there something in this?
I don't know but still looking--thanks for the reply Brim.
CR
|
|
|
Post by sarahconnor on Oct 5, 2010 2:54:01 GMT -5
Lloyd Pye's - "Everything You Know is Wrong"www.lloydpye.com/eykiw.htmHave You Ever Wondered...? Why humans use only about 10% of our massively supercharged brains, yet savants can somehow access parts of the remaining 90% Why our skin is so poorly adapted to the amount of sunlight striking Earth? Why we are so physically weak compared to our closest genetic relatives? Why Earth is the only planet or moon with moveable tectonic plates? Why Earth’s moon is so extraordinarily outsized relative to other moons? Why megalithic structures like the Pyramids cannot be duplicated today? How the ancient Sumerians could know Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto existed when we discovered Uranus only in 1781, Neptune in 1846, and Pluto in 1930? How and why the Sumerians kept cosmic time in units of almost 26,000 years? Why humans have a gene pool with over 4000 genetic defects, while our closest genetic relatives, chimps and gorillas, have very few? Why the human genome clocks is only about 200,000 years old but anthropologists insist we descend from creatures 6.0 million years old? Why humans in no way resemble those ancient so-called “pre”-humans? Why humans have 46 chromosomes while our closest genetic relatives (sharing over 95% of our DNA) total 48?
|
|
|
Post by sarahconnor on Mar 10, 2011 4:44:32 GMT -5
Scientists Make Synthetic Cell Using Manmade DNAA team from J. Craig Venter's research institute says it has produced a living cell powered by manmade DNA. Venter, a genome mapping pioneer, describes the cell as "the first self-replicating species...on the planet whose parent is a computer." (May 20) ------------------------------- Top 10 Bizarre Genetically Modified Organismslistverse.com/2008/04/01/top-10-bizarre-genetically-modified-organisms/
|
|
|
Post by sarahconnor on May 28, 2011 21:37:37 GMT -5
|
|
|
Post by sarahconnor on Apr 16, 2012 2:57:10 GMT -5
I wish I had been on the receiving end of the exclusive attentions of any of my anesthesiologist. I might actually have been a lot better off had they paid any attention at all - ! As to the possible value of a survey on "spinal taps": A spinal tap is performed when the epidural is punctured, and spinal fluid is extracted from the spinal cord. An extraction of spinal fluid will typically serve the following purposes: a) To examine the fluid for infections, for example to establish if a person has meningitis. b) To make room for injection of other agents into the spinal cord, such as contrast fluid or anesthetics. In this instance, the spinal fluid itself is of no particular interest, but some of it has to be removed when other substances are added, so as to keep the pressure on the brain below a certain level. I can't see that a straight forward removal of anything, like spinal fluid, from our bodies would be suspicious in this context. It is rather be the adding or injecting of "something" that might be of relevance, but in as much as contrast fluids, anesthetics etc. can be administered in a range of different ways other than by spinal puncture, it is unlikely that this particular procedure would carry any significance on its own. It would be the what, i.e. the contrast fluids, anesthetics, etc. themselves, that would be of primary interest to scrutinize. Brim Hi Brim & CR, Can you help me out here please. My son was given a spinal tap at 2 hours old. Why? We were both being treated for sepsis, after premature rupture of membranes. Treatment prior to giving birth, for me was antibiotics, I think for 7 days, then I went into labour. I felt like my head was going to explode! I thought I had meningitis and the blotches all over my skin were awful. I had what they call "chorioamnionitis" www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections-chorioamnionitisMy white cell count was 42 and I was told I had an "unknown infection in my blood". In real terms, I was being given my last rights prior to natural child birth. I don't know a lot about chorioamnionitis, other than the above link. In 2007 there was no information on the net regarding chorioamnionitis. I doubt the midwife, or doctors had any clue what was wrong with me. I felt like I was going to die on the delivery bed. My labour from start to finish, I think was 2 hours 45 minutes. They pumped an inducing hormone into me, as well as an antibiotic and Flagyl....that's when the real fun started!! Scientology birth when we never asked for that. By the way, we are still on the waiting list for the ante natal classes. My pain relief was nitrous oxide; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxideand after my partner begging for pain relief for me, (as he'd seen the whites of my eyes too many times) - he was told no epidural as the infection will go to her brain and kill her. Sooo at the very last minute, when I said I was going on strike and tried to get off the delivery bed, they gave me a Pethidine injection in my upper thigh. All I did was complain about the pain! I hate Pethidine and it hates me. Delivering my baby was easy compared to that injection in my leg. I was given an episiotomy (this is when they cut with a pair of scissors from the girl thingy toward the anus). I was never consulted ever about this. All I saw was a nurse gesturing to the other nurse "cut" making scissor signs with her hands. Apparently I was the talk of the labour ward and later in the special care nursery. I screamed that loud they had to close the smoke doors to the entire labour ward! and later in the special care nursery the "obstetrician" who I had never met in my life started talking to me and laughing at me...how nice was he....that I screamed so loud during labour. My waters broke around 32 weeks. It was the most barbaric experience I've ever had. My placenta was incomplete, the umbilical cord snapped in 2 and I was treated like I wasn't there ie. the midwife kept telling my partner to ignore me, as I was clawing at her in pain. Revenge is better cold apparently.....
|
|
|
Post by sarahconnor on Apr 16, 2012 23:24:52 GMT -5
Hey Brim--careful what you ask for--attention isn't always what it is cracked up to be, hehehe! As you stated it is less likely important as to what they took out as what was inserted. This can and has been achieved in so many ways--so to think one could focus on a single incident is as I have stated before--a dizzing moment. I think that is the reason I chose instead of looking for what it is--specifically as I do believe there are variations--I instead focused on who and why. Many have looked for what and few speak of who and why. Does everyone have the components now in their blood stream--I suggest so. Yet, there are those whose bodies stand up and scream--wait just one minute. You have invaded a body that is already inhabited --get out! Than come the lesions--- This group of people with Morgs symptoms are those that must have seen this before--a recognition takes place at a DNA level; the mental logic level comes later. Over and over--I see scifi movies with two substances--it was that the colors always seemed the same--blue and red. Yes, there are other shows with different substances--different colors. Yet, a large percentage has a red and blue liquid--why? Is there something in this? I don't know but still looking--thanks for the reply Brim. CR Hi CR & Brim, Something caught my bionic eye in your posts I've had this document stored away, full of dust, sat there waiting. sarah ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Principle Investigator: Dr. William Thomlinson Project started in: 1986 Funding Sources: DOE: Office of Health and Environmental Research (OHER) Amount: $50,000 (Est.) Information on Use of Human Subjects: Project does not involve use of multiple protocols/sub projects. IRB Review: Type of Review: Full Board Most Recent Approval: June 07, 1995 Number of Human Subjects in the Last Reporting Period for this Project: 2 (Reporting periods vary.) Type of Human Subjects Involvement: Ionizing Radiation and Radioactive Substances: External use of ionizing radiation on human subjects. For diagnostic research. Chemical Substances: Internal use of chemical substances (solid, liquid, or gas) in human subjects. For diagnostic research. Instrument/Device/Product Testing or Man-Machine Studies: Use of human subjects to develop/test instruments, materials, devices, or objects. Abstract: (a. Objectives, b. Methodology, c. Ionizing Radiation, Radioactive Substances, or Chemical Substances to which human subjects are exposed, d. Involvement of Human Subjects [d.1. procedures used, d.2. risks if any]) This project is developing the application of synchrotron radiation sources to the imaging of human coronary arteries. The principal purpose is to image the arteries with a technique which has minimal risk for the patient. This study uses a venous injection of iodinated contrast agent. To date, the program has focused on the human related technical parameters of the procedure, such as contrast injection rates and volumes, timing of image sequences, and patient position. Simultaneously, upgrades of the imaging and x-ray optical systems have occurred. The program plans to image 70 patients in total, with possibly 30 patients being imaged twice. It is anticipated that some of these studies will become part of an expanded research program involving many more studies over a period of years. Those studies will focus on qualitative and quantitative characterization of arterial disease, pre- and post-treatment evaluation, and potential drug therapies. A potential effect of radiation is the induction of cancer. However, no harm in a human individual or in a large population exposed at doses as low as those delivered in this study has been reported. The estimation of risk of harm can be obtained only by extrapolation from much higher doses. Risks from the procedure may include severe allergic reaction to the iodine-containing dye, mechanical tear of a vein, local bleeding, impaired kidney function, and reaction to local leakage of the dye. Other complications may include blood clots, irregularities of heart beat, heart attack and death. The likelihood of serious complications is believed to be less than 0.5 percent.
|
|
|
Post by sarahconnor on Apr 17, 2012 20:35:41 GMT -5
|
|
|
Post by sarahconnor on Apr 17, 2012 20:54:17 GMT -5
|
|